235.  Having thus generally described the various processes of pin-making, and having stated the usual cost of each, it will be convenient to present a tabular view of the time occupied by each process, and its cost, as well as the sums which can be earned by the persons who confine themselves solely to each process.  As the rate of wages is itself fluctuating, and as the prices paid and quantities executed have been given only between certain limits, it is not to be expected that this table can represent the cost of each part of the work with the minutest accuracy, nor even that it shall accord perfectly with the prices above given:  but it has been drawn up with some care, and will be quite sufficient to serve as the basis of those reasonings which it is meant to illustrate.  A table nearly similar will be subjoined, which has been deduced from a statement of M. Perronet, respecting the art of pin-making in France, above seventy years ago.

English manufacture

236.  Pins, Elevens, 5546 weigh one pound; one dozen = 6932 pins weigh twenty ounces, and require six ounces of paper.

 Name of the process
 Workman
 Time for making 1 lb of pins Hours
 Cost of making 1 lb of pins Pence
 Workmen earns per day s. d. 
 Price of making each part of a single pin in millionths of a
penny

1.  Drawing wire (224)         Man    .3636  1.2500   3 3     225
2.  Straightening wire ( 225)  Woman  .3000   .2840   1 0      51
Girl   .3000   .1420   0 6      26
3.  Pointing (226)             Man    .3000  1.7750   5 3     319
4.  Twisting and cutting heads Boy    .0400   .0147   0 4 1/2   3
(227)                       Man    .0400   .2103   5 4 1/2  38
5.  Heading (228)              Woman 4.0000  5.0000   1 3     901
6 Tinning or whitening        Man    .1071   .6666   6 0     121
(229)                       Woman  .1071   .3333   3 0      60
7.  Papering (230)             Woman 2.1314  3.1973   1 6     576
7.6892 12.8732   — —    2320

Number of persons employed:  Men. 4; Women. 4; Children, 2.  Total, 10.

French manufacture

237.  Cost of 12,000 pins, No. 6, each being eight-tenths of an English inch in length,—­as they were manufactured in France about 1760; with the cost of each operation:  deduced from the observations and statement of M. Perronet.

 Name of the process
 Time for making twelve thousand pins Hours
 Cost of making twelve thousand pins Pence
 Workman usually earns per day Pence
 Expense of tools and materials Pence

1.  Wire                      —­   —­      —­  24.75
2.  Straightening and cutting 1.2 .5     4.5      —­
3.  Coarse pointing           1.2 .625  10.0      —­
Turning wheel(2*)         1.2 .875   7.0      —­
Fine Pointing              .8 .5     9.375    —­
Turning wheel             1.2 .5     4.75     —­
Cutting off pointed ends   .6 .375   7.5      —­
4.  Turning spiral             .5 .125   3.0      —­