122.  Embossing upon leather.  This art of copying from patterns previously engraved on steel rollers is in most respects similar to the preceding.  The leather is forced into the cavities, and the parts which are not opposite to any cavity are powerfully condensed between the rollers.

123.  Swaging.  This is an art of copying practised by the smith.  In order to fashion his iron and steel into the various forms demanded by his customers, he has small blocks of steel into which are sunk cavities of different shapes; these are called swages, and are generally in pairs.  Thus if he wants a round bolt, terminating in a cylindrical head of larger diameter, and having one or more projecting rims, he uses a corresponding swaging tool; and having heated the end of his iron rod, and thickened it by striking the end in the direction of the axis (which is technically called upsetting), he places its head upon one part of the lage; and whilst an assistant holds the other part on the top of the hot iron, he strikes it several times with his hammer, occasionally turning the head one quarter round.  The heated iron is thus forced by the blows to assume the form of the mould into which it is impressed.

124.  Engraving by pressure.  This is one of the most beautiful examples of the art of copying carried to an almost unlimited extent; and the delicacy with which it can be executed, and the precision with which the finest traces of the graving tool can be transferred from steel to copper, or even from hard steel to soft steel, is most unexpected.  We are indebted to Mr Perkins for most of the contrivances which have brought this art at once almost to perfection.  An engraving is first made upon soft steel, which is hardened by a peculiar process without in the least injuring its delicacy.  A cylinder of soft steel, pressed with great force against the hardened steel engraving, is now made to roll very slowly backward and forward over it, thus receiving the design, but in relief.  The cylinder is in its turn hardened without injury., and if it be slowly rolled to and fro with strong pressure on successive plates of copper, it will imprint on a thousand of them a perfect facsimile of the original steel engraving from which it was made.  Thus the number of copies producible from the same design may be multiplied a thousand-fold.  But even this is very far short of the limits to which the process may be extended.  The hardened steel roller, bearing the design upon it in relief may be employed to make a few of its first impressions upon plates of soft steel, and these being hardened become the representatives of the original engraving, and may in their turn be made the parents of other rollers, each generating copperplates like their prototype.  The possible extent to which facsimiles of one original engraving may thus be multiplied, almost confounds the imagination, and appears to be for all practical purposes unlimited.