We must acknowledge that by ascending the Barrier, Borchgrevink opened a way to the south, and threw aside the greatest obstacle to the expeditions that followed.  The Southern Cross returned to civilization in March, 1900.

The Valdivia’s expedition, under Professor Chun, of Leipzig, must be mentioned, though in our day it can hardly be regarded as an Antarctic expedition.  On this voyage the position of Bouvet Island was established once for all as lat. 54deg. 26’ S., long. 3deg. 24’ E.

The ice was followed from long. 8deg.  E. to 58deg.  E., as closely as the vessel could venture to approach.  Abundance of oceanographical material was brought home.

Antarctic exploration now shoots rapidly ahead, and the twentieth century opens with the splendidly equipped British and German expeditions in the Discovery and the Gauss, both national undertakings.

Captain Robert F. Scott was given command of the Discovery’s expedition, and it could not have been placed in better hands.

The second in command was Lieutenant Armitage, who had taken part in the Jackson-Harmsworth North Polar expedition.

The other officers were Royds, Barne, and Shackleton.

Lieutenant Skelton was chief engineer and photographer to the expedition.  Two surgeons were on board —­ Dr. Koettlitz, a former member of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, and Dr. Wilson.  The latter was also the artist of the expedition.  Bernacchi was the physicist, Hodgson the biologist, and Ferrar the geologist.

On August 6, 1901, the expedition left Cowes, and arrived at Simon’s Bay on October 3.  On the 14th it sailed again for New Zealand.

The official plan was to determine as accurately as possible the nature and extent of the South Polar lands that might be found, and to make a magnetic survey.  It was left to the leader of the expedition to decide whether it should winter in the ice.

It was arranged beforehand that a relief ship should visit and communicate with the expedition in the following year.

The first ice was met with in the neighbourhood of the Antarctic Circle on January 1, 1902, and a few days later the open Ross Sea was reached.  After several landings had been made at Cape Adare and other points, the Discovery made a very interesting examination of the Barrier to the eastward.  At this part of the voyage King Edward VII.  Land was discovered, but the thick ice-floes prevented the expedition from landing.  On the way back the ship entered the same bight that Borchgrevink had visited in 1900, and a balloon ascent was made on the Barrier.  The bay was called Balloon Inlet.

From here the ship returned to McMurdo Bay, so named by Ross.  Here the Discovery wintered, in a far higher latitude than any previous expedition.  In the course of the autumn it was discovered that the land on which the expedition had its winter quarters was an island, separated from the mainland by McMurdo Sound.  It was given the name of Ross Island.