Antarctic exploration is very ancient.  Even before our conception of the earth’s form had taken definite shape, voyages to the South began.  It is true that not many of the explorers of those distant times reached what we now understand by the Antarctic regions, but still the intention and the possibility were there, and justify the name of Antarctic exploration.  The motive force of these undertakings was —­ as has so often been the case —­ the hope of gain.  Rulers greedy of power saw in their mind’s eye an increase of their possessions.  Men thirsting for gold dreamed of an unsuspected wealth of the alluring metal.  Enthusiastic missionaries rejoiced at the thought of a multitude of lost sheep.  The scientifically trained world waited modestly in the background.  But they have all had their share:  politics, trade, religion, and science.

The history of Antarctic discovery may be divided at the outset into two categories.  In the first of these I would include the numerous voyagers who, without any definite idea of the form or conditions of the southern hemisphere, set their course toward the South, to make what landfall they could.  These need only be mentioned briefly before passing to the second group, that of Antarctic travellers in the proper sense of the term, who, with a knowledge of the form of the earth, set out across the ocean, aiming to strike the Antarctic monster —­ in the heart, if fortune favoured them.

We must always remember with gratitude and admiration the first sailors who steered their vessels through storms and mists, and increased our knowledge of the lands of ice in the South.  People of the present day, who are so well supplied with information about the most distant parts of the earth, and have all our modern means of communication at their command, find it difficult to understand the intrepid courage that is implied by the voyages of these men.

They shaped their course toward the dark unknown, constantly exposed to being engulfed and destroyed by the vague, mysterious dangers that lay in wait for them somewhere in that dim vastness.

The beginnings were small, but by degrees much was won.  One stretch of country after another was discovered and subjected to the power of man.  Knowledge of the appearance of our globe became ever greater and took more definite shape.  Our gratitude to these first discoverers should be profound.

And yet even to-day we hear people ask in surprise:  What is the use of these voyages of exploration?  What good do they do us?  Little brains, I always answer to myself, have only room for thoughts of bread and butter.

The first name on the roll of discovery is that of Prince Henry of Portugal, surnamed the Navigator, who is ever to be remembered as the earliest promoter of geographical research.  To his efforts was due the first crossing of the Equator, about 1470.

With Bartholomew Diaz another great step in advance was made.  Sailing from Lisbon in 1487, he reached Algoa Bay, and without doubt passed the fortieth parallel on his southward voyage.