“In A.D. 868 it was employed by the Northmen.” ("The Landnamabok,” vol. i., chap. 2.) An Italian poem Of A.D. 1190 refers to it as in use among the Italian sailors at that date.  In the ancient language of the Hindoos, the Sanscrit—­which has been a dead language for twenty-two hundred years—­the magnet was called “the precious stone beloved of Iron.”  The Talmud speaks of it as “the stone of attraction;” and it is alluded to in the early Hebrew prayers as Kalamitah, the same name given it by the Greeks, from the reed upon which the compass floated.  The Phoenicians were familiar with the use of the magnet.  At the prow of their vessels stood the figure of a woman (Astarte) holding a cross in one hand and pointing the way with the other; the cross represented the compass, which was a magnetized needle, floating in water crosswise upon a piece of reed or wood.  The cross became the coat of arms of the Phoenicians—­not only, possibly, as we have shown, as a recollection of the four rivers of Atlantis, but because it represented the secret of their great sea-voyages, to which they owed their national greatness.  The hyperborean magician, Abaras, carried “a guiding arrow,” which Pythagoras gave him, “in order that it may be useful to him in all difficulties in his long journey.” ("Herodotus,” vol. iv., p. 36.)

The magnet was called the “Stone of Hercules.”  Hercules was the patron divinity of the Phoenicians.  He was, as we have shown elsewhere, one of the gods of Atlantis—­probably one of its great kings and navigators.  The Atlanteans were, as Plato tells us, a maritime, commercial people, trading up the Mediterranean as far as Egypt and Syria, and across the Atlantic to “the whole opposite continent that surrounds the sea;” the Phoenicians, as their successors and descendants, and colonized on the shores of the Mediterranean, inherited their civilization and their maritime habits, and with these that invention without which their great voyages were impossible.  From them the magnet passed to the Hindoos, and from them to the Chinese, who certainly possessed it at an early date.  In the year 2700 B.C. the Emperor Wang-ti placed a magnetic figure with an extended arm, like the Astarte of the Phoenicians, on the front of carriages, the arm always turning and pointing to the south, which the Chinese regarded as the principal pole. (See Goodrich’s “Columbus,” p. 31, etc.) This illustration represents one of these chariots: 

In the seventh century it was used by the navigators of the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean.

Chinesemagnetic car

The ancient Egyptians called the loadstone the bone of Haroeri, and iron the bone of Typhon.  Haroeri was the son of Osiris and grandson of Rhea, a goddess of the earth, a queen of Atlantis, and mother of Poseidon; Typhon was a wind-god and an evil genius, but also a son of Rhea, the earth goddess.  Do we find in this curious designation of iron and loadstone as “bones of the descendants of the earth,” an explanation of that otherwise inexplicable Greek legend about Deucalion “throwing the bones of the earth behind him, when instantly men rose from the ground, and the world was repeopled?” Does it mean that by means of the magnet he sailed, after the Flood, to the European colonies of Atlantis. already thickly inhabited?