charged with mud, deluged the country far and wide.  At the end of four days (October 12th), a second eruption occurred, more violent than the first, in which hot water and mud were again vomited, and great blocks of basalt were thrown to the distance of seven miles from the volcano.  There was at the same time a violent earthquake, the face of the mountain was utterly changed, its summits broken down, and one side, which had been covered with trees, became an enormous gulf in the form of a semicircle.  Over 4000 persons were killed and 114 villages destroyed.” (Lyell’s “Principles of Geology,” p. 430.)

In 1831 a new island was born in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Sicily.  It was called Graham’s Island.  It came up with an earthquake, and “a water-spout sixty feet high and eight hundred yards in circumference rising from the sea.”  In about a month the island was two hundred feet high and three miles in circumference; it soon, however, stink beneath the sea.

The Canary Islands were probably a part of the original empire of Atlantis.  On the 1st of September, 1730, the earth split open near Year, in the island of Lancerota.  In one night a considerable hill of ejected matter was thrown up; in a few days another vent opened and gave out a lava stream which overran several villages.  It flowed at first rapidly, like water, but became afterward heavy and slow, like honey.  On the 11th of September more lava flowed out, covering up a village, and precipitating itself with a horrible roar into the sea.  Dead fish floated on the waters in indescribable multitudes, or were thrown dying on the shore; the cattle throughout the country dropped lifeless to the ground, suffocated by putrid vapors, which condensed and fell down in drops.  These manifestations were accompanied by a storm such as the people of the country had never known before.  These dreadful commotions lasted for five years.  The lavas thrown out covered one-third of the whole island of Lancerota.

CALABRIAN peasants ingulfed by crevasses (1783).

The Gulf of Santorin, in the Grecian Archipelago, has been for two thousand years a scene of active volcanic operations.  Pliny informs us that in the year 186 B.C. the island of “Old Kaimeni,” or the Sacred Isle, was lifted up from the sea; and in A.D. 19 the island of “Thia” (the Divine) made its appearance.  In A.D. 1573 another island was created, called “the small sunburnt island.”  In 1848 a volcanic convulsion of three months’ duration created a great shoal; an earthquake destroyed many houses in Thera, and the sulphur and hydrogen issuing from the sea killed 50 persons and 1000 domestic animals.  A recent examination of these islands shows that the whole mass of Santorin has sunk, since its projection from the sea, over 1200 feet.

The fort and village of Sindree, on the eastern arm of the Indus, above Luckput, was submerged in 1819 by an earthquake, together with a tract of country 2000 square miles in extent.