chemists.  The word “chemistry” comes from chemi, and chemi means Egypt.  They manufactured glass and all kinds of pottery; they made boats out of earthenware; and, precisely as we are now making railroad car-wheels of paper, they manufactured vessels of paper.  Their dentists filled teeth with gold; their farmers hatched poultry by artificial beat.  They were the first musicians; they possessed guitars, single and double pipes, cymbals, drums, lyres, harps, flutes, the sambric, ashur, etc.; they had even castanets, such as are now used in Spain.  In medicine and surgery they had reached such a degree of perfection that several hundred years B.C. the operation for the removal of cataract from the eye was performed among them; one of the most delicate and difficult feats of surgery, only attempted by us in the most recent times.  “The papyrus of Berlin” states that it was discovered, rolled up in a case, under the feet of an Anubis in the town of Sekhem, in the days of Tet (or Thoth), after whose death it was transmitted to King Sent, and was then restored to the feet of the statue.  King Sent belonged to the second dynasty, which flourished 4751 B.C., and the papyrus was old in his day.  This papyrus is a medical treatise; there are in it no incantations or charms; but it deals in reasonable remedies, draughts, unguents and injections.  The later medical papyri contain a great deal of magic and incantations.

“Great and splendid as are the things which we know about oldest Egypt, she is made a thousand times more sublime by our uncertainty as to the limits of her accomplishments.  She presents not a great, definite idea, which, though hard to receive, is, when once acquired, comprehensible and clear.  Under the soil of the modern country are hid away thousands and thousands of relics which may astonish the world for ages to come, and change continually its conception of what Egypt was.  The effect of research seems to be to prove the objects of it to be much older than we thought them to be—­some things thought to be wholly modern having been proved to be repetitions of things Egyptian, and other things known to have been Egyptian being by every advance in knowledge carried back more and more toward the very beginning of things.  She shakes our most rooted ideas concerning the world’s history; she has not ceased to be a puzzle and a lure:  there is a spell over her still.”

Renan says, “It has no archaic epoch.”  Osborn says, “It bursts upon us at once in the flower of its highest perfection.”  Seiss says ("A, Miracle in Stone,” p. 40), “It suddenly takes its place in the world in all its matchless magnificence, without father, without mother, and as clean apart from all evolution as if it had dropped from the unknown heavens.”  It had dropped from Atlantis.

Rawlinson says ("Origin of Nations,” p. 13): 

“Now, in Egypt, it is notorious that there is no indication of any early period of savagery or barbarism.  All the authorities agree that, however far back we go, we find in Egypt no rude or uncivilized time out of which civilization is developed.  Menes, the first king, changes the course of the Nile, makes a great reservoir, and builds the temple of Phthah at Memphis. . . .  We see no barbarous customs, not even the habit, so slowly abandoned by all people, of wearing arms when not on military service.”