and avoiding of exposure.  Those children in the Mission at Hazlewood, who are taken very young, and not allowed to expose themselves, lose almost entirely the olive shade, and become quite as white as the American child.  The Mandans are as light as the peasants of Spain, while their brothers, the Crows, are as dark as the Arabs.  Dr. Goodrich, in the ‘Universal Traveller,’ p. 154, says that the modern Peruvians, in the warmer regions of Peru, are as fair as the people of the south of Europe.”

The Aymaras, the ancient inhabitants of the mountains of Peru and Bolivia, are described as having an olive-brown complexion, with regular features, large heads, and a thoughtful and melancholy cast of countenance.  They practised in early times the deformation of the skull.

Professor Wilson describes the hair of the ancient Peruvians, as found upon their mummies, as “a lightish brown, and of a fineness of texture which equals that of the Anglo-Saxon race.”  “The ancient Peruvians,” says Short ("North Americans of Antiquity,” p. 187), “appear, from numerous examples of hair found in their tombs, to have been an auburn-haired race.”  Garcilasso, who had an opportunity of seeing the body of the king, Viracocha, describes the hair of that monarch as snow-white.  Haywood tells us of the discovery, at the beginning of this century, of three mummies in a cave on the south side of the Cumberland River (Tennessee), who were buried in baskets, as the Peruvians were occasionally buried, and whose skin was fair and white, and their hair auburn, and of a fine texture. ("Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee,” p. 191.)

Choctaw.

Neither is the common opinion correct which asserts all the American Indians to be of the same type of features.  The portraits on this page and on pages 187 and 191, taken from the “Report of the U. S. Survey for a Route for a Pacific Railroad,” present features very much like those of Europeans; in fact, every face here could be precisely matched among the inhabitants of the southern part of the old continent.

SHAWNEES.

On the other hand, look at the portrait of the great Italian orator and reformer, Savonarola, on page 193.  It looks more like the hunting Indians of North-western America than any of the preceding faces.  In fact, if it was dressed with a scalp-lock it would pass muster anywhere as a portrait of the “Man-afraid-of-his-horses,” or “Sitting Bull.”

Savonarola.

Adam was, it appears, a red man.  Winchell tells us that Adam is derived from the red earth.  The radical letters ADaM are found in ADaMaH, “something out of which vegetation was made to germinate,” to wit, the earth.  ADoM and ADOM signifies red, ruddy, bay-colored, as of a horse, the color of a red heifer.  “ADaM, a man, a human being, male or female, red, ruddy.” ("Preadamites,” p.161.)

“The Arabs distinguished mankind into two races, one red, ruddy, the other black.” (Ibid.) They classed themselves among the red men.