the group which had got out of the reach of the cannon.  This instance of courage and humanity took place at the battle of Monmouth.  General Clinton, who commanded the English troops, knew that the Marquis de La Fayette generally rode a white horse; it was upon a white horse that the general officer who retired so slowly was mounted; Clinton desired the gunners not to fire.  This noble forbearance probably saved M. de La Fayette’s life, for he it was.  At that time he was but twenty-two years of age.—­“Historical Anecdotes of the Reign of Louis XVI.”]

These lines had been applauded and encored at the French theatre; everybody’s head was turned.  There was no class of persons that did not heartily approve of the support given openly by the French Government to the cause of American independence.  The constitution planned for the new nation was digested at Paris, and while liberty, equality, and the rights of man were commented upon by the Condorcets, Baillys, Mirabeaus, etc., the minister Segur published the King’s edict, which, by repealing that of 1st November, 1750, declared all officers not noble by four generations incapable of filling the rank of captain, and denied all military rank to the roturiers, excepting sons of the chevaliers de St. Louis.

["M. de Segur,” says Chamfort, “having published an ordinance which prohibited the admission of any other than gentlemen into the artillery corps, and, on the other hand, none but well-educated persons being proper for admission, a curious scene took place:  the Abbe Bossat, examiner of the pupils, gave certificates only to plebeians, while Cherin gave them only to gentlemen.  Out of one hundred pupils, there were not above four or five who were qualified in both respects.”]

The injustice and absurdity of this law was no doubt a secondary cause of the Revolution.  To understand the despair and rage with which this law inspired the Tiers Etat one should have belonged to that honourable class.  The provinces were full of roturier families, who for ages had lived as people of property upon their own domains, and paid the taxes.  If these persons had several sons, they would place one in the King’s service, one in the Church, another in the Order of Malta as a chevalier servant d’armes, and one in the magistracy; while the eldest preserved the paternal manor, and if he were situated in a country celebrated for wine, he would, besides selling his own produce, add a kind of commission trade in the wines of the canton.  I have seen an individual of this justly respected class, who had been long employed in diplomatic business, and even honoured with the title of minister plenipotentiary, the son-in-law and nephew of colonels and town mayors, and, on his mother’s side, nephew of a lieutenant-general with a cordon rouge, unable to introduce his sons as sous-lieutenants into a regiment of foot.

Another decision of the Court, which could not be announced by an edict, was that all ecclesiastical benefices, from the humblest priory up to the richest abbey, should in future be appanages of the nobility.  Being the son of a village surgeon, the Abbe de Vermond, who had great influence in the disposition of benefices, was particularly struck with the justice of this decree.