man-of-war, the ‘Tremendous’, being, promised a free passage to England.  She was, however, handed over to the Austrians; who kept her in confinement at Hainburg near Vienna.  In October 1815 Murat landed in Calabria in a last wild attempt to recover his throne.  He was arrested and immediately shot.  After his murder Caroline, taking the title of Countess of Lipona (an anagram of Napoli), was permitted to retire to Trieste with Elisa, Jerome, and his wife.  Caroline was almost without means of existence, the Neapolitan Bourbons refusing even to give up the property she had brought there.  She married a General Macdonald.  When Hortense was buried at Rueil Caroline obtained permission to attend the sad ceremony.  In 1838 she went to France to try to obtain a pension, and succeeded in getting one of 100,000 francs.  She died from cancer in the stomach in 1839, and was buried in the Campo Santo, Bologna.

Cardinal Fesch, the half-uncle of Napoleon, the Archbishop of Lyons, who had fallen into disgrace with Napoleon for taking the side of the Pope and refusing to accept the see of Paris, to which he was nominated by Napoleon, had retired to Rome in 1814, where he remained till the return of Napoleon, when he went to Paris, and accepted a peerage.  After Waterloo he again sought the protection of the Pope, and he remained at Rome till his death in 1839, a few days before Caroline Bonaparte’s.  He was buried in S. Lorenzo in Lucina, Rome.  He had for years been a great collector of pictures, of which he left a large number (1200) to the town of Ajaccio.  The Cardinal, buying at the right time when few men had either enough leisure or money to think of pictures, got together a most valuable collection.  This was sold in 1843-44 at Rome.  Its contents now form some of the greatest treasures in the galleries of Dudley House and of the Marquis of Hertford, now Sir Richard Wallace’s.  In a large collection there are generally some daubs, but it is an amusing instance of party spirit to find the value of his pictures run down by men who are unwilling to allow any one connected with Napoleon to have even taste in art.  He always refused the demands of the Restoration that he should resign his see of Lyons, though under Louis Philippe he offered to do so, and leave his pictures to France, if the Bonaparte family were allowed to enter France:  this was refused.

It can hardly be denied that the fate of the Bonapartes was a hard one.  Napoleon had been undisputed sovereign of France for fourteen years, Louis had been King of Holland for four years, Jerome was King of Westphalia for six years, Caroline was Queen of Naples for seven years.  If Napoleon had forfeited all his rights by leaving Elba after the conditions of his abdication had been broken by the Allies, still there was no reason why the terms stipulated for the other members of the family should not have been carried out, or at least an ordinary income insured to them.  With all Napoleon’s faults he was always ready