—­[His brother, Charles X., the youngest of the three grandsons of Louis XV. (Louis XVI., Louis XVIII.  Charles X.), the Comte d’Artois, afterwards Charles X. emigrated in 1789, and went to Turin and Mantas for 1789 and 1790.  In 1791 and 1792 he lived at Coblenta, Worms, Brussels, Vienna, and at Turin.  From 1792 to 1812 he lived at Ham on the Lippe at Westphalia at London, and for most of the time at Holyrood, Edinburgh.  During this time he visited Russia and Germany, and showed himself on the coast of France.  In 1818 he went to Germany, and in 1814 entered France in rear of the allies.  In risking his person in the daring schemes of the followers who were giving their lives for the cause of his family he displayed a circumspection which was characterised by them with natural warmth.

   “Sire, the cowardice of your brother has ruined all;” so Charette is
   said to have written to Louis XVIII.]—­

But the pretender to the crown of France had not yet drained his cup of misfortune.  After the 18th Fructidor the Directory required the King of Prussia to send away Louis XVIII., and the Cabinet of Berlin, it must be granted, was not in a situation to oppose the desire of the French Government, whose wishes were commands.  In vain Louis XVIII. sought an asylum in the King of Saxony’s States.  There only remained Russia that durst offer a last refuge to the descendant of Louis xiv.  Paul I., who was always in extremes, and who at that time entertained a violent feeling of hatred towards France, earnestly offered Louis XVIII., a residence at Mittau.  He treated him with the honours of a sovereign, and loaded him with marks of attention and respect.  Three years had scarcely passed when Paul was seized with mad enthusiasm for the man who twelve years later, ravaged his ancient capital, and Louis XVIII. found himself expelled from that Prince’s territory with a harshness equal to the kindness with which he had at first been received.

It was during, his three, years’ residence at Mittau that Louis XVIII., who was then known by the title of Comte de Lille, wrote to the First Consul those letters which have been referred to in these Memoirs.  Prussia, being again solicited, at length consented that Louis XVIII. should reside at Warsaw; but on the accession of Napoleon to the Empire the Prince quitted that residence in order to consult respecting his new situation with the only sovereign who had not deserted him in his misfortune, viz. the King of Sweden.  They met at Colmar, and from that city was dated the protest which I have already noticed.  Louis XVIII. did not stay long in the States of the King of Sweden.  Russia was now on the point of joining her eagles with those of Austria to oppose the new eagles of imperial France.  Alexander offered to the Comte de Lille the asylum which Paul had granted to him and afterwards withdrawn.  Louis XVIII. accepted the offer, but after the peace of Tilsit,