and African jealousy made a gross abuse of it.  To quote no other instance, the Sultan of Dar-For had a thousand eunuchs under a Malik or king, and all the chief offices of the empire, such as Ab (father) and Bab (door), were monopolised by these neutrals.  The centre of supply was the Upper Nile, where the operation was found dangerous after the age of fifteen, and when badly performed only one in four survived.  For this reason, during the last century the Coptic monks of Girgah and Zawy al-Dayr, near Assiout, engaged in this scandalous traffic, and declared that it was philanthropic to operate scientifically (Prof.  Panuri and many others).  Eunuchs are now made in the Sudan, Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, and Dar-For, especially the Messalmiyah district:  one of those towns was called “Tawashah” (eunuchry) from the traffic there conducted by Fukaha or religious teachers.  Many are supplied by the district between Majarah (Majarash?) and the port Masawwah; there are also depots at Mbadr, near Tajurrah-harbour, where Yusuf Bey, Governor in 1880, caponised some forty boys, including the brother of a hostile African chief:  here also the well-known Abu Bakr was scandalously active.  It is calculated that not less than eight thousand of these unfortunates are annually exported to Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey.  Article iv. of the AngIo-Egyptian Convention punishes the offense with death, and no one would object to hanging the murderer under whose mutilating razor a boy dies.  Yet this, like most of our modern “improvements” in Egypt, is a mere brutum fulmen.  The crime is committed under our very eyes, but we will not see it.

The Romans numbered three kinds of eunuchs:—­1.  Castrati, clean-shaved, from Gr. ; 2.  Spadones, from , when the testicles are torn out, not from “Spada,” town of Persia; and, 3.  Thlibii, from , to press, squeeze, when the testicles are bruised, &c.  In the East also, as I have stated (v. 46), eunuchs are of three kinds:—­1.  Sandali, or the clean-shaved, the classical apocopus.  The parts are swept off by a single cut of a razor, a tube (tin or wooden) is set in the urethra, the wound is cauterised with boiling oil, and the patient is planted in a fresh dunghill.  His diet is milk; and if under puberty, he often survives.  This is the eunuque aqueduc, who must pass his water through a tube. 2.  The eunuch whose penis is removed:  he retains all the power of copulation and procreation without the wherewithal; and this, since the discovery of caoutchouc, has often been supplied. 3.  The eunuch, or classical Thlibias and Semivir, who has been rendered sexless by removing the testicles (as the priests of Cybele were castrated with a stone knife), or by bruising (the Greek Thlasias), twisting, searing, or bandaging them.  A more humane process has lately been introduced:  a horsehair is tied round the neck of the scrotum and tightened by slow degrees till the circulation of the part stops and the bag drops off without pain.  This has been adopted