Early on the morning of Christmas Eve we saw the three first icebergs; there was an absolute calm all day, with misty air.

To keep Christmas the engine was stopped at 5 p.m., and then all hands came to dinner.  Unfortunately we had no gramophone to sing to us, as in 1910; as a substitute the “orchestra” played “Glade Jul, hellige Jul,” when all were seated.  The orchestra was composed of Beck on the violin, Sundbeck on the mandolin, and the undersigned on the flute.  I puffed out my cheeks as much as I could, and that is not saying a little, so that the others might see how proficient I was.  I hardly think it was much of a musical treat; but the public was neither critical nor ceremonious, and the prevalent costume was jerseys.  The dinner consisted of soup, roast pork, with fresh potatoes and whortleberries, ten-years-old aquavit and Norwegian bock beer, followed by wine-jelly and “kransekake,” with —­ champagne.  The toasts of their Majesties the King and Queen, Don Pedro Christophersen, Captain Amundsen, and the Fram were drunk.

I had decorated the saloon in a small way with artificial flowers, embroideries, and flags, to give a little colour.  Dinner was followed by cigars and the distribution of Christmas presents.  L. Hansen played the accordion, and Lieutenant Gjertsen and Ronne danced “folk dances”; the latter was, as usual, so amusing that he kept us in fits of laughter.

At ten o’clock it was all over, the engine was started again, one watch went to bed and the other on deck; Olsen cleaned out the pigsty, as usual at this time of night.  That finished Christmas for this year.

As has been said before, Sir James Ross was down here in the 1840’s.  Two years in succession he sailed from the Pacific into Ross Sea with two ships that had no auxiliary steam-power.  I assumed, therefore, that if he could get through so easily, there must be some place between South Victoria Land and the Barrier (or land) on the other side, where there was little or no ice.  Following this assumption, I intended to go down to the western pack-ice (that lying off South Victoria Land) and steer along it till we were in Ross Sea, or, at all events, until we found a place where we could easily get through.  It is quite possible that Ross was very lucky in the time at which he encountered the ice, and that he only sailed in clear weather.  We had no time to spare, however, but had to make use of whatever wind there was, even if we could not see very far.

As early as December 28, at 5 p.m., in lat. 65deg.  S. and long. 171.5deg.  E., it was reported that we were off the pack.  I was a good deal surprised, as recent expeditions had not met the pack until 66.5deg.  S., or about one hundred nautical miles farther south, nor had there been any sign of our being so near the ice.  The wind for the last few days had been south-easterly, but for the moment it was calm; we therefore held on to the east along the edge of the