Such things are not serious, and they are such as no serious man need shrink from, but they have a bearing upon what I am trying to explain, and in a certain measure they account for a certain attitude in our literary men.  No one likes to have stones, not to say mud, thrown at him, though they are not meant to hurt him badly and may be partly thrown in joke.  But it is pretty certain that if a man not in politics takes them seriously, he will have more or less mud, not to say stones, thrown at him.  He might burlesque or caricature them, or misrepresent them, with safety; but if he spoke of public questions with heart and conscience, he could not do it with impunity, unless he were authorized to do so by some practical relation to them.  I do not mean that then he would escape; but in this country, where there were once supposed to be no classes, people are more strictly classified than in any other.  Business to the business man, law to the lawyer, medicine to the physician, politics to the politician, and letters to the literary man; that is the rule.  One is not expected to transcend his function, and commonly one does not.  We keep each to his last, as if there were not human interests, civic interests, which had a higher claim than the last upon our thinking and feeling.  The tendency has grown upon us severally and collectively through the long persistence of our prosperity; if public affairs were going ill, private affairs were going so well that we did not mind the others; and we Americans are, I think, meridional in our improvidence.  We are so essentially of to-day that we behave as if to-morrow no more concerned us than yesterday.  We have taught ourselves to believe that it will all come out right in the end so long that we have come to act upon our belief; we are optimistic fatalists.

III.

The turn which our politics have taken towards economics, if I may so phrase the rise of the questions of labor and capital, has not largely attracted literary men.  It is doubtful whether Edward Bellamy himself, whose fancy of better conditions has become the abiding faith of vast numbers of Americans, supposed that he was entering the field of practical politics, or dreamed of influencing elections by his hopes of economic equality.  But he virtually founded the Populist party, which, as the vital principle of the Democratic party, came so near electing its candidate for the Presidency some years ago; and he is to be named first among our authors who have dealt with politics on their more human side since the days of the old antislavery agitation.  Without too great disregard of the reticence concerning the living which I promised myself, I may mention Dr. Edward Everett Hale and Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson as prominent authors who encouraged the Nationalist movement eventuating in Populism, though they were never Populists.  It may be interesting to note that Dr. Hale and Colonel Higginson, who later