leader is necessary; but his opponents always call him a boss.  An organization is necessary; but the men in opposition always call it a machine.  Nevertheless, there is a real and deep distinction between the leader and the boss, between organizations and machines.  A political leader who fights openly for principles, and who keeps his position of leadership by stirring the consciences and convincing the intellects of his followers, so that they have confidence in him and will follow him because they can achieve greater results under him than under any one else, is doing work which is indispensable in a democracy.  The boss, on the other hand, is a man who does not gain his power by open means, but by secret means, and usually by corrupt means.  Some of the worst and most powerful bosses in our political history either held no public office or else some unimportant public office.  They made no appeal either to intellect or conscience.  Their work was done behind closed doors, and consisted chiefly in the use of that greed which gives in order that in return it may get.  A boss of this kind can pull wires in conventions, can manipulate members of the Legislature, can control the giving or withholding of office, and serves as the intermediary for bringing together the powers of corrupt politics and corrupt business.  If he is at one end of the social scale, he may through his agents traffic in the most brutal forms of vice and give protection to the purveyors of shame and sin in return for money bribes.  If at the other end of the scale, he may be the means of securing favors from high public officials, legislative or executive, to great industrial interests; the transaction being sometimes a naked matter of bargain and sale, and sometimes being carried on in such manner that both parties thereto can more or less successfully disguise it to their consciences as in the public interest.  The machine is simply another name for the kind of organization which is certain to grow up in a party or section of a party controlled by such bosses as these and by their henchmen, whereas, of course, an effective organization of decent men is essential in order to secure decent politics.

If these bosses were responsible for nothing but pure wickedness, they would probably last but a short time in any community.  And, in any event, if the men who are horrified by their wickedness were themselves as practical and as thoroughly in touch with human nature, the bosses would have a short shrift.  The trouble is that the boss does understand human nature, and that he fills a place which the reformer cannot fill unless he likewise understands human nature.  Sometimes the boss is a man who cares for political power purely for its own sake, as he might care for any other hobby; more often he has in view some definitely selfish object such as political or financial advancement.  He can rarely accomplish much unless he has another side to him.  A successful boss is very apt to