Nearly all pueblos make the pipes they use, but pipes of clay and metal are manufactured by the Igorot for Igorot trade.  I never learned that wooden pipes are made by them for commercial purposes.

The wooden pipe of the area varies from simple tubular forms, exactly like a modern cigar holder, to those having bowls set at right angle to the stem.  All wooden pipes are whittled by the men, and some of them are very graceful in form and have an excellent polish.  They are made of at least three kinds of wood —­ ga-sa’-tan, la-no’-ti, and gi-gat’.  Most pipes —­ wooden, clay, or metal —­ have separable stems.

A few men in Agawa, a pueblo near the western border of the area, make beautiful clay pipes, called “ki-na-lo’-sab.”  The clay is carefully macerated between the fingers until it is soft and fine.  It is then roughly shaped by the fingers, and afterwards, when partially hardened, is finished with a set of five light, wooden tools.

The finished bowls are in three different colors.  When baked about nine hours the pipes come forth gray.  Those coming out red have been burned about twelve hours, usually all night.  The black ones are made by reburning the red bowls about half an hour in palay straw.

Two men in Sabangan and one each in Genugan and Takong —­ all western pueblos —­ manufacture metal “anito” pipes.  To-day brass wire and the metal of cartridge shells are most commonly employed in making these pipes.

The process of manufacture is elaborate and very interesting.  First a beeswax model is made the exact size and shape of the finished metal pipe.  All beeswax, called “a-tid’,” used in pipe making comes from Barlig through Kanu, and the illustration (Pl.  CVIII) shows the form in which it passes in commerce in the area.  A small amount of wax is softened by a fire until it can be flattened in the palm of the hand.  It is then rolled around a stick the size of the bore in the bowl.  The outside of the wax bowl is next designed as is shown in the illustration (Pl.  CVIII).  A careful examination of the illustration will show that the design represents the sitting figure of a man.  He is resting his elbows on his knees and holding his lower jaw in his hands —­ eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and fingers are all represented.  This design is made in the wax with a small knife.  The wax for the short stem piece is flattened and folded around a stick the size of the bore of the stem.  The stem piece is then set into the bowl and the design which was started on the bowl is continued over the stem.

When the wax pipe is completed a projecting point of wax is attached to the base of the pipe, and the whole is imbedded in a clay jacket, the point of wax, however, projecting from the jacket.  The clay used by the pipe maker is obtained in a pit at Pingad in the vicinity of Genugan.  Around the wax point a clay funnel is built.  The clay mold, called “bang-bang’-a,” is thoroughly baked by a fire.  In less than an hour the mold is hardened and brown, and the wax pipe within it has melted and the wax been poured out of the mold through the gate or opening left by the melting point of wax, leaving the mold empty.