and interest, as he would have looked at a chemical experiment, but he seems to have had only a moderate degree of faith in its practical working.  “It was a noble and generous movement in the projectors to try an experiment of better living.  One would say that impulse was the rule in the society, without centripetal balance; perhaps it would not be severe to say, intellectual sans-culottism, an impatience of the formal routinary character of our educational, religious, social, and economical life in Massachusetts.”  The reader will find a full detailed account of the Brook Farm experiment in Mr. Frothingham’s “Life of George Ripley,” its founder, and the first President of the Association.  Emerson had only tangential relations with the experiment, and tells its story in his “Historic Notes” very kindly and respectfully, but with that sense of the ridiculous in the aspect of some of its conditions which belongs to the sagacious common-sense side of his nature.  The married women, he says, were against the community.  “It was to them like the brassy and lacquered life in hotels.  The common school was well enough, but to the common nursery they had grave objections.  Eggs might be hatched in ovens, but the hen on her own account much preferred the old way.  A hen without her chickens was but half a hen.”  Is not the inaudible, inward laughter of Emerson more refreshing than the explosions of our noisiest humorists?

This is his benevolent summing up:—­

“The founders of Brook Farm should have this praise, that they made what all people try to make, an agreeable place to live in.  All comers, even the most fastidious, found it the pleasantest of residences.  It is certain, that freedom from household routine, variety of character and talent, variety of work, variety of means of thought and instruction, art, music, poetry, reading, masquerade, did not permit sluggishness or despondency; broke up routine.  There is agreement in the testimony that it was, to most of the associates, education; to many, the most important period of their life, the birth of valued friendships, their first acquaintance with the riches of conversation, their training in behavior.  The art of letter-writing, it is said, was immensely cultivated.  Letters were always flying, not only from house to house, but from room to room.  It was a perpetual picnic, a French Revolution in small, an Age of Reason in a patty-pan.”

The public edifice called the “Phalanstery” was destroyed by fire in 1846.  The Association never recovered from this blow, and soon afterwards it was dissolved.

Section 2.  Emerson’s first volume of his collected Essays was published in 1841.  In the reprint it contains the following Essays:  History; Self-Reliance; Compensation; Spiritual Laws; Love; Friendship; Prudence; Heroism; The Over-Soul; Circles; Intellect; Art.  “The Young American,” which is now included in the volume, was not delivered until 1844.