wholesome human qualities which reveals itself all through his writings was bred from this kind of intercourse with men of sense who had no pretensions to learning, and in whom, for that very reason, the native qualities came out with less disguise in their expression.  He was surrounded by men who ran to extremes in their idiosyncrasies; Alcott in speculations, which often led him into the fourth dimension of mental space; Hawthorne, who brooded himself into a dream—­peopled solitude; Thoreau, the nullifier of civilization, who insisted on nibbling his asparagus at the wrong end, to say nothing of idolaters and echoes.  He kept his balance among them all.  It would be hard to find a more candid and sober record of the result of self-government in a small community than is contained in this simple discourse, patient in detail, large in treatment, more effective than any unsupported generalities about the natural rights of man, which amount to very little unless men earn the right of asserting them by attending fairly to their natural duties.  So admirably is the working of a town government, as it goes on in a well-disposed community, displayed in the history of Concord’s two hundred years of village life, that one of its wisest citizens had portions of the address printed for distribution, as an illustration of the American principle of self-government.

After settling in Concord, Emerson delivered courses of Lectures in Boston during several successive winters; in 1835, ten Lectures on English Literature; in 1836, twelve Lectures on the Philosophy of History; in 1837, ten Lectures on Human Culture.  Some of these lectures may have appeared in print under their original titles; all of them probably contributed to the Essays and Discourses which we find in his published volumes.

On the 19th of April, 1836, a meeting was held to celebrate the completion of the monument raised in commemoration of the Concord Fight.  For this occasion Emerson wrote the hymn made ever memorable by the lines:—­

  Here once the embattled farmers stood,
  And fired the shot heard round the world.

The last line of this hymn quickens the heartbeats of every American, and the whole hymn is admirable in thought and expression.  Until the autumn of 1838, Emerson preached twice on Sundays to the church at East Lexington, which desired him to become its pastor.  Mr. Cooke says that when a lady of the society was asked why they did not settle a friend of Emerson’s whom he had urged them to invite to their pulpit, she replied:  “We are a very simple people, and can understand no one but Mr. Emerson.”  He said of himself:  “My pulpit is the Lyceum platform.”  Knowing that he made his Sermons contribute to his Lectures, we need not mourn over their not being reported.

In March, 1837, Emerson delivered in Boston a Lecture on War, afterwards published in Miss Peabody’s “Aesthetic Papers.”  He recognizes war as one of the temporary necessities of a developing civilization, to disappear with the advance of mankind:—­