The Use Of Speech The generall use of Speech, is to transferre our Mentall Discourse, into Verbal; or the Trayne of our Thoughts, into a Trayne of Words; and that for two commodities; whereof one is, the Registring of the Consequences of our Thoughts; which being apt to slip out of our memory, and put us to a new labour, may again be recalled, by such words as they were marked by.  So that the first use of names, is to serve for Markes, or Notes of remembrance.  Another is, when many use the same words, to signifie (by their connexion and order,) one to another, what they conceive, or think of each matter; and also what they desire, feare, or have any other passion for. and for this use they are called Signes.  Speciall uses of Speech are these; First, to Register, what by cogitation, wee find to be the cause of any thing, present or past; and what we find things present or past may produce, or effect:  which in summe, is acquiring of Arts.  Secondly, to shew to others that knowledge which we have attained; which is, to Counsell, and Teach one another.  Thirdly, to make known to others our wills, and purposes, that we may have the mutuall help of one another.  Fourthly, to please and delight our selves, and others, by playing with our words, for pleasure or ornament, innocently.

Abuses Of Speech To these Uses, there are also foure correspondent Abuses.  First, when men register their thoughts wrong, by the inconstancy of the signification of their words; by which they register for their conceptions, that which they never conceived; and so deceive themselves.  Secondly, when they use words metaphorically; that is, in other sense than that they are ordained for; and thereby deceive others.  Thirdly, when by words they declare that to be their will, which is not.  Fourthly, when they use them to grieve one another:  for seeing nature hath armed living creatures, some with teeth, some with horns, and some with hands, to grieve an enemy, it is but an abuse of Speech, to grieve him with the tongue, unlesse it be one whom wee are obliged to govern; and then it is not to grieve, but to correct and amend.

The manner how Speech serveth to the remembrance of the consequence of causes and effects, consisteth in the imposing of Names, and the Connexion of them.

Names Proper & Common Universall Of Names, some are Proper, and singular to one onely thing; as Peter, John, This Man, This Tree:  and some are Common to many things; as Man, Horse, Tree; every of which though but one Name, is nevertheless the name of divers particular things; in respect of all which together, it is called an Universall; there being nothing in the world Universall but Names; for the things named, are every one of them Individual and Singular.

One Universall name is imposed on many things, for their similitude in some quality, or other accident:  And whereas a Proper Name bringeth to mind one thing onely; Universals recall any one of those many.