itself was invented, is the creation of men not college-bred.  We think we see what these inventors have done:  no, we see only the visible vast frontage of their work; behind it is their far vaster work, and it is invisible to the careless glance.  They have reconstructed this nation—­ made it over, that is—­and metaphorically speaking, have multiplied its numbers almost beyond the power of figures to express.  I will explain what I mean.  What constitutes the population of a land?  Merely the numberable packages of meat and bones in it called by courtesy men and women?  Shall a million ounces of brass and a million ounces of gold be held to be of the same value?  Take a truer standard:  the measure of a man’s contributing capacity to his time and his people—­the work he can do—­and then number the population of this country to-day, as multiplied by what a man can now do, more than his grandfather could do.  By this standard of measurement, this nation, two or three generations ago, consisted of mere cripples, paralytics, dead men, as compared with the men of to-day.  In 1840 our population was 17,000,000.  By way of rude but striking illustration, let us consider, for argument’s sake, that four of these millions consisted of aged people, little children, and other incapables, and that the remaining 13,000,000 were divided and employed as follows: 

2,000,000 as ginners of cotton. 6,000,000 (women) as stocking-knitters. 2,000,000 (women) as thread-spinners. 500,000 as screw makers. 400,000 as reapers, binders, etc. 1,000,000 as corn shellers. 40,000 as weavers. 1,000 as stitchers of shoe soles.

Now the deductions which I am going to append to these figures may sound extravagant, but they are not.  I take them from Miscellaneous Documents No. 50, second session 45th Congress, and they are official and trustworthy.  To-day, the work of those 2,000,000 cotton-ginners is done by 2,000 men; that of the 6,000,000 stocking-knitters is done by 3,000 boys; that of the 2,000,000 thread-spinners is done by 1,000 girls; that of the 500,000 screw makers is done by 500 girls; that of the 400,000 reapers, binders, etc., is done by 4,000 boys; that of the 1,000,000 corn shelters is done by 7,500 men; that of the 40,000 weavers is done by 1,200 men; and that of the 1,000 stitchers of shoe soles is done by 6 men.  To bunch the figures, 17,900 persons to-day do the above-work, whereas fifty years ago it would have taken thirteen millions of persons to do it.  Now then, how many of that ignorant race—­our fathers and grandfathers—­with their ignorant methods, would it take to do our work to-day?  It would take forty thousand millions—­a hundred times the swarming population of China—­twenty times the present population of the globe.  You look around you and you see a nation of sixty millions—­ apparently; but secreted in their hands and brains, and invisible to your eyes, is the true population of this Republic, and it numbers forty billions!  It is the stupendous creation of those humble unlettered, un-college-bred inventors—­all honor to their name.