that would astonish his grandfather.  Everywhere there is a variety in local sentiment, action, and development.  Sit down in the seats of the State governments and study the methods of treatment of essentially the common institutions of government, of charity and discipline, and you will be impressed with the variety of local spirit and performance in the Union.  And this, diversity is so important, this contribution of diverse elements is so necessary to the complex strength and prosperity of the whole, that one must view with alarm all federal interference and tendency to greater centralization.

And not less to be dreaded than monotony from the governmental point of view, is the obliteration of variety in social life and in literary development.  It is not enough for a nation to be great and strong, it must be interesting, and interesting it cannot be without cultivation of local variety.  Better obtrusive peculiarities than universal sameness.  It is out of variety as well as complexity in American life, and not in homogeneity and imitation, that we are to expect a civilization noteworthy in the progress of the human race.

Let us come a little closer to our subject in details.  For a hundred years the South was developed on its own lines, with astonishingly little exterior bias.  This comparative isolation was due partly to the institution of slavery, partly to devotion to the production of two or three great staples.  While its commercial connection with the North was intimate and vital, its literary relation with the North was slight.  With few exceptions Northern authors were not read in the South, and the literary movement of its neighbors, such as it was, from 1820 to 1860, scarcely affected it.  With the exception of Louisiana, which was absolutely ignorant of American literature and drew its inspiration and assumed its critical point of view almost wholly from the French, the South was English, but mainly English of the time of Walter Scott and George the Third.  While Scott was read at the North for his knowledge of human nature, as he always will be read, the chivalric age which moves in his pages was taken more seriously at the South, as if it were of continuing importance in life.  In any of its rich private libraries you find yourself in the age of Pope and Dryden, and the classics were pursued in the spirit of Oxford and Cambridge in the time of Johnson.  It was little disturbed by the intellectual and ethical agitation of modern England or of modern New England.  During this period, while the South excelled in the production of statesmen, orators, trained politicians, great judges, and brilliant lawyers, it produced almost no literature, that is, no indigenous literature, except a few poems and—­a few humorous character-sketches; its general writing was ornately classic, and its fiction romantic on the lines of the foreign romances.