The student of manners might find an interesting field in noting how, in our Occidental civilizations, fluctuations of opinions, of morals, and of literary style have been accompanied by more or less significant exhibitions of costumes.  He will note in the Precieux of France and the Euphuist of England a corresponding effeminacy in dress; in the frank paganism of the French Revolution the affectation of Greek and Roman apparel, passing into the Directoire style in the Citizen and the Citizeness; in the Calvinistic cut of the Puritan of Geneva and of New England the grim severity of their theology and morals.  These examples are interesting as showing an inclination to express an inner condition by the outward apparel, as the Quakers indicate an inward peace by an external drabness, and the American Indian a bellicose disposition by red and yellow paint; just as we express by red stripes our desire to kill men with artillery, or by yellow stripes to kill them with cavalry.  It is not possible to say whether these external displays are relics of barbarism or are enduring necessities of human nature.

The fickleness of men in costume in a manner burlesques their shifty and uncertain taste in literature.  A book or a certain fashion in letters will have a run like a garment, and, like that, will pass away before it waxes old.  It seems incredible, as we look back over the literary history of the past three centuries only, what prevailing styles and moods of expression, affectations, and prettinesses, each in turn, have pleased reasonably cultivated people.  What tedious and vapid things they read and liked to read!  Think of the French, who had once had a Villon, intoxicating themselves with somnolent draughts of Richardson.  But, then, the French could match the paste euphuisms of Lyly with the novels of Scudery.  Every modern literature has been subject to these epidemics and diseases.  It is needless to dwell upon them in detail.  Since the great diffusion of printing, these literary crazes have been more frequent and of shorter duration.  We need go back no further than a generation to find abundant examples of eccentricities of style and expression, of crazes over some author or some book, as unaccountable on principles of art as many of the fashions in social life.—­The more violent the attack, the sooner it is over.  Readers of middle age can recall the furor over Tupper, the extravagant expectations as to the brilliant essayist Gilfillan, the soon-extinguished hopes of the poet Alexander Smith.  For the moment the world waited in the belief of the rising of new stars, and as suddenly realized that it had been deceived.  Sometimes we like ruggedness, and again we like things made easy.  Within a few years a distinguished Scotch clergyman made a fortune by diluting a paragraph written by Saint Paul.  It is in our memory how at one time all the boys tried to write like Macaulay, and then like Carlyle, and then like Ruskin, and we have lived to see the day when all the girls would like to write like Heine.