of the republic should be instantly withdrawn, that all reinforcements which had arrived within the last year should leave South Africa, and that those who were now upon the sea should be sent back without being landed.  Failing a satisfactory answer within forty-eight hours, ’the Transvaal Government will with great regret be compelled to regard the action of her Majesty’s Government as a formal declaration of war, for the consequences of which it will not hold itself responsible.’  The audacious message was received throughout the empire with a mixture of derision and anger.  The answer was dispatched next day through Sir Alfred Milner.

’10th October.—­Her Majesty’s Government have received with great regret the peremptory demands of the Government of the South African Republic, conveyed in your telegram of the 9th October.  You will inform the Government of the South African Republic in reply that the conditions demanded by the Government of the South African Republic are such as her Majesty’s Government deem it impossible to discuss.’

And so we have come to the end of the long road, past the battle of the pens and the wrangling of tongues, to the arbitration of the Lee-Metford and the Mauser.  It was pitiable that it should come to this.  These people were as near akin to us as any race which is not our own.  They were of the same Frisian stock which peopled our own shores.  In habit of mind, in religion, in respect for law, they were as ourselves.  Brave, too, they were, and hospitable, with those sporting instincts which are dear to the Anglo-Celtic race.  There was no people in the world who had more qualities which we might admire, and not the least of them was that love of independence which it is our proudest boast that we have encouraged in others as well as exercised ourselves.  And yet we had come to this pass, that there was no room in all vast South Africa for both of us.  We cannot hold ourselves blameless in the matter.  ’The evil that men do lives after them,’ and it has been told in this small superficial sketch where we have erred in the past in South Africa.  On our hands, too, is the Jameson raid, carried out by Englishmen and led by officers who held the Queen’s Commission; to us, also, the blame of the shuffling, half-hearted inquiry into that most unjustifiable business.  These are matches which helped to set the great blaze alight, and it is we who held them.  But the fagots which proved to be so inflammable, they were not of our setting.  They were the wrongs done to half the community, the settled resolution of the minority to tax and vex the majority, the determination of a people who had lived two generations in a country to claim that country entirely for themselves.  Behind them all there may have been the Dutch ambition to dominate South Africa.  It was no petty object for which Britain fought.  When a nation struggles uncomplainingly through months of disaster she may claim to have proved her conviction of the justice