and tender passages, with much less antiquarian detail; and, upon the whole, a larger variety of characters, more artfully and judiciously contrasted.  There is nothing so fine, perhaps, as the battle in Marmion, or so picturesque as some of the scattered sketches in the Lay; but there is a richness and a spirit in the whole piece which does not pervade either of those poems, —­a profusion of incident and a shifting brilliancy of colouring that reminds us of the witchery of Ariosto, and a constant elasticity and occasional energy which seem to belong more peculiarly to the author now before us.”

Canto First.

Each canto is introduced by one or more Spenserian stanzas,[FN#5] forming a kind of prelude to it.  Those prefixed to the first canto serve as an introduction to the whole poem, which is “inspired by the spirit of the old Scottish minstrelsy.”

2.  Witch-elm.  The broad-leaved or wych elm (Ulmus montana), indigenous to Scotland.  Forked branches of the tree were used in the olden time as divining-rods, and riding switches from it were supposed to insure good luck on a journey.  In the closing stanzas of the poem (vi. 846) it is called the “wizard elm.”  Tennyson (In Memoriam, 89) refers to

   “Witch-elms that counterchange the floor
       Of this flat lawn with dusk and bright.”

Saint Fillan was a Scotch abbot of the seventh century who became famous as a saint.  He had two springs, which appear to be confounded by some editors of the poem.  One was at the eastern end of Loch Earn, where the pretty modern village of St. Fillans now stands, under the shadow of Dun Fillan, or St. Fillan’s Hills, six hundred feet high, on the top of which the saint used to say his prayers, as the marks of his knees in the rock still testify to the credulous.  The other spring is at another village called St. Fillans, nearly thirty miles to the westward, just outside the limits of our map, on the road to Tyndrum.  In this Holy Pool, as it is called, insane folk were dipped with certain ceremonies, and then left bound all night in the open air.  If they were found loose the next morning, they were supposed to have been cured.  This treatment was practised as late as 1790, according to Pennant, who adds that the patients were generally found in the morning relieved of their troubles—­by death.  Another writer, in 1843, says that the pool is still visited, not by people of the vicinity, who have no faith in its virtue, but by those from distant places.  Scott alludes to this spring in Marmion, i. 29: 

   “Thence to Saint Fillan’s blessed well,
     Whose springs can frenzied dreams dispel,
       And the crazed brain restore.”

3.  And down the fitful breeze, etc.  The original Ms. reads: 

   “And on the fitful breeze thy numbers flung,
     Till envious ivy, with her verdant ring,
     Mantled and muffled each melodious string,—­
     O Wizard Harp, still must thine accents sleep?”