particularly as he usually traveled by night, to avoid the heat.  He was always being overtaken by strangers who offered him the protection of their company, or asked for the protection of his—­and these strangers were often Thugs, as he presently found out to his cost.  The landholders, the native police, the petty princes, the village officials, the customs officers were in many cases protectors and harborers of the Thugs, and betrayed travelers to them for a share of the spoil.  At first this condition of things made it next to impossible for the government to catch the marauders; they were spirited away by these watchful friends.  All through a vast continent, thus infested, helpless people of every caste and kind moved along the paths and trails in couples and groups silently by night, carrying the commerce of the country—­treasure, jewels, money, and petty batches of silks, spices, and all manner of wares.  It was a paradise for the Thug.

When the autumn opened, the Thugs began to gather together by pre-concert.  Other people had to have interpreters at every turn, but not the Thugs; they could talk together, no matter how far apart they were born, for they had a language of their own, and they had secret signs by which they knew each other for Thugs; and they were always friends.  Even their diversities of religion and caste were sunk in devotion to their calling, and the Moslem and the high-caste and low-caste Hindoo were staunch and affectionate brothers in Thuggery.

When a gang had been assembled, they had religious worship, and waited for an omen.  They had definite notions about the omens.  The cries of certain animals were good omens, the cries of certain other creatures were bad omens.  A bad omen would stop proceedings and send the men home.

The sword and the strangling-cloth were sacred emblems.  The Thugs worshiped the sword at home before going out to the assembling-place; the strangling-cloth was worshiped at the place of assembly.  The chiefs of most of the bands performed the religious ceremonies themselves; but the Kaets delegated them to certain official stranglers (Chaurs).  The rites of the Kaets were so holy that no one but the Chaur was allowed to touch the vessels and other things used in them.

Thug methods exhibit a curious mixture of caution and the absence of it; cold business calculation and sudden, unreflecting impulse; but there were two details which were constant, and not subject to caprice:  patient persistence in following up the prey, and pitilessness when the time came to act.

Caution was exhibited in the strength of the bands.  They never felt comfortable and confident unless their strength exceeded that of any party of travelers they were likely to meet by four or fivefold.  Yet it was never their purpose to attack openly, but only when the victims were off their guard.  When they got hold of a party of travelers they often moved along in their company several days, using all