its cost had been recovered.  Thus all the science of administration resolved itself into plundering as much and as quickly as possible.  To this end, the delegate of imperial power delegated in his turn, on similar conditions, other agents to seize for him and for themselves all they could lay their hands on; so that the inhabitants of the empire might be divided into three classes—­those who were striving to seize everything; those who were trying to save a little; and those who, having nothing and hoping for nothing, took no interest in affairs at all.

Albania was one of the most difficult provinces to manage.  Its inhabitants were poor and brave, and the nature of the country was mountainous and inaccessible.  The pachas had great difficulty in collecting tribute, because the people were given to fighting for their bread.  Whether Mahomedans or Christians, the Albanians were above all soldiers.  Descended on the one side from the unconquerable Scythians, on the other from the ancient Macedonians, not long since masters of the world, crossed with Norman adventurers brought eastwards by the great movement of the Crusades; they felt the blood of warriors flow in their veins, and that war was their element.  Sometimes at feud with one another, canton against canton, village against village, often even house against house; sometimes rebelling against the government their sanjaks; sometimes in league with these against the sultan; they never rested from combat except in an armed peace.  Each tribe had its military organisation, each family its fortified stronghold, each man his gun on his shoulder.  When they had nothing better to do, they tilled their fields, or mowed their neighbours’, carrying off, it should be noted, the crop; or pastured their flocks, watching the opportunity to trespass over pasture limits.  This was the normal and regular life of the population of Epirus, Thesprotia, Thessaly, and Upper Albania.  Lower Albania, less strong, was also less active and bold; and there, as in many other parts of Turkey, the dalesman was often the prey of the mountaineer.  It was in the mountain districts where were preserved the recollections of Scander Beg, and where the manners of ancient Laconia prevailed, the deeds of the brave soldier were sung on the lyre, and the skilful robber quoted as an example to the children by the father of the family.  Village feasts were held on the booty taken from strangers; and the favourite dish was always a stolen sheep.  Every man was esteemed in proportion to his skill and courage, and a man’s chances of making a good match were greatly enhanced when he acquired the reputation of being an agile mountaineer and a good bandit.

The Albanians proudly called this anarchy liberty, and religiously guarded a state of disorder bequeathed by their ancestors, which always assured the first place to the most valiant.