collected, temporarily kept, and finally taken to Southern markets, precisely like droves of horses, had been openly maintained for fifty years.  Utah and New Mexico needed territorial governments; and whether slavery should or should not be prohibited within them was another question.  The indefinite western boundary of Texas was to be settled.  She was a slave State, and consequently the farther west the slavery men could push her boundary, the more slave country they secured; and the farther east the slavery opponents could thrust the boundary back, the less slave ground was secured.  Thus this was just as clearly a slavery question as any of the others.

These points all needed adjustment, and they were held up, perhaps wisely, to make them help adjust one another.  The Union now, as in 1820, was thought to be in danger, and devotion to the Union rightfully inclined men to yield somewhat in points where nothing else could have so inclined them.  A compromise was finally effected.  The South got their new fugitive slave law, and the North got California, (by far the best part of our acquisition from Mexico) as a free State.  The South got a provision that New Mexico and Utah, when admitted as States, may come in with or without slavery as they may then choose; and the North got the slave trade abolished in the District of Columbia..  The North got the western boundary of Texas thrown farther back eastward than the South desired; but, in turn, they gave Texas ten millions of dollars with which to pay her old debts.  This is the Compromise of 1850.

Preceding the Presidential election of 1852, each of the great political parties, Democrats and Whigs, met in convention and adopted resolutions indorsing the Compromise of ’50, as a “finality,” a final settlement, so far as these parties could make it so, of all slavery agitation.  Previous to this, in 1851, the Illinois Legislature had indorsed it.

During this long period of time, Nebraska (the Nebraska Territory, not the State of as we know it now) had remained substantially an uninhabited country, but now emigration to and settlement within it began to take place.  It is about one third as large as the present United States, and its importance, so long overlooked, begins to come into view.  The restriction of slavery by the Missouri Compromise directly applies to it—­in fact was first made, and has since been maintained expressly for it.  In 1853, a bill to give it a territorial government passed the House of Representatives, and, in the hands of Judge Douglas, failed of passing only for want of time.  This bill contained no repeal of the Missouri Compromise.  Indeed, when it was assailed because it did not contain such repeal, Judge Douglas defended it in its existing form.  On January 4, 1854, Judge Douglas introduces a new bill to give Nebraska territorial government.  He accompanies this bill with a report, in which last he expressly recommends that the Missouri Compromise shall neither be affirmed nor repealed.  Before long the bill is so modified as to make two territories instead of one, calling the southern one Kansas.