formalists who had been exchanging notes and drawing up protocols at Ryswick.  Things which had been kept secret from the plenipotentiaries who had signed the treaty were well known to him.  The clue of the whole foreign policy of England and Holland was in his possession.  His fidelity and diligence were beyond all praise.  These were strong recommendations.  Yet it seemed strange to many that William should have been willing to part, for a considerable time, from a companion with whom he had during a quarter of a century lived on terms of entire confidence and affection.  The truth was that the confidence was still what it had long been, but that the affection, though it was not yet extinct, though it had not even cooled, had become a cause of uneasiness to both parties.  Till very recently, the little knot of personal friends who had followed William from his native land to his place of splendid banishment had been firmly united.  The aversion which the English nation felt for them had given him much pain; but he had not been annoyed by any quarrel among themselves.  Zulestein and Auverquerque had, without a murmur, yielded to Portland the first place in the royal favour; nor had Portland grudged to Zulestein and Auverquerque very solid and very signal proofs of their master’s kindness.  But a younger rival had lately obtained an influence which created much jealousy.  Among the Dutch gentlemen who had sailed with the Prince of Orange from Helvoetsluys to Torbay was one named Arnold Van Keppel.  Keppel had a sweet and obliging temper, winning manners, and a quick, though not a profound, understanding.  Courage, loyalty and secresy were common between him and Portland.  In other points they differed widely.  Portland was naturally the very opposite of a flatterer, and, having been the intimate friend of the Prince of Orange at a time when the interval between the House of Orange and the House of Bentinck was not so wide as it afterwards became, had acquired a habit of plain speaking which he could not unlearn when the comrade of his youth had become the sovereign of three kingdoms.  He was a most trusty, but not a very respectful, subject.  There was nothing which he was not ready to do or suffer for William.  But in his intercourse with William he was blunt and sometimes surly.  Keppel, on the other hand, had a great desire to please, and looked up with unfeigned admiration to a master whom he had been accustomed, ever since he could remember, to consider as the first of living men.  Arts, therefore, which were neglected by the elder courtier were assiduously practised by the younger.  So early as the spring of 1691 shrewd observers were struck by the manner in which Keppel watched every turn of the King’s eye, and anticipated the King’s unuttered wishes.  Gradually the new servant rose into favour.  He was at length made Earl of Albemarle and Master of the Robes.  But his elevation, though it furnished the Jacobites with a fresh topic for calumny and ribaldry, was not so offensive to the nation as the elevation of Portland had been.  Portland’s manners were thought dry and haughty; but envy was disarmed by the blandness of Albemarle’s temper and by the affability of his deportment.