defenceless."104 Saint Ruth might, perhaps, have thought this advice good, if his judgment had not been biassed by his passions.  But he was smarting from the pain of a humiliating defeat.  In sight of his tent, the English had passed a rapid river, and had stormed a strong town.  He could not but feel that, though others might have been to blame, he was not himself blameless.  He had, to say the least, taken things too easily.  Lewis, accustomed to be served during many years by commanders who were not in the habit of leaving to chance any thing which could he made secure by wisdom, would hardly think it a sufficient excuse that his general had not expected the enemy to make so bold and sudden an attack.  The Lord Lieutenant would, of course, represent what had passed in the most unfavourable manner; and whatever the Lord Lieutenant said James would echo.  A sharp reprimand, a letter of recall, might be expected.  To return to Versailles a culprit; to approach the great King in an agony of distress; to see him shrug his shoulders, knit his brow and turn his back; to be sent, far from courts and camps, to languish at some dull country seat; this was too much to be borne; and yet this might well be apprehended.  There was one escape; to fight, and to conquer or to perish.

In such a temper Saint Ruth pitched his camp about thirty miles from Athlone on the road to Galway, near the ruined castle of Aghrim, and determined to await the approach of the English army.

His whole deportment was changed.  He had hitherto treated the Irish soldiers with contemptuous severity.  But now that he had resolved to stake life and fame on the valour of the despised race, he became another man.  During the few days which remained to him he exerted himself to win by indulgence and caresses the hearts of all who were under his command.105 He, at the same time, administered to his troops moral stimulants of the most potent kind.  He was a zealous Roman Catholic; and it is probable that the severity with which he had treated the Protestants of his own country ought to be partly ascribed to the hatred which he felt for their doctrines.  He now tried to give to the war the character of a crusade.  The clergy were the agents whom he employed to sustain the courage of his soldiers.  The whole camp was in a ferment with religious excitement.  In every regiment priests were praying, preaching, shriving, holding up the host and the cup.  While the soldiers swore on the sacramental bread not to abandon their colours, the General addressed to the officers an appeal which might have moved the most languid and effeminate natures to heroic exertion.  They were fighting, he said, for their religion, their liberty and their honour.  Unhappy events, too widely celebrated, had brought a reproach on the national character.  Irish soldiership was every where mentioned with a sneer.  If they wished to retrieve the fame of their country, this was the time and this the place.106