The Commons then proceeded to consider the Ways and Means.  The land tax was renewed at four shillings in the pound; and by this simple but powerful machinery about two millions were raised with certainty and despatch.509 A poll tax was imposed.510 Stamp duties had long been among the fiscal resources of Holland and France, and had existed here during part of the reign of Charles the Second, but had been suffered to expire.  They were now revived; and they have ever since formed an important part of the revenue of the State.511 The hackney coaches of the capital were taxed, and were placed under the government of commissioners, in spite of the resistance of the wives of the coachmen, who assembled round Westminster Hall and mobbed the members.512 But, notwithstanding all these expedients, there was still a large deficiency; and it was again necessary to borrow.  A new duty on salt and some other imposts of less importance were set apart to form a fund for a loan.  On the security of this fund a million was to be raised by a lottery, but a lottery which had scarcely any thing but the name in common with the lotteries of a later period.  The sum to be contributed was divided into a hundred thousand shares of ten pounds each.  The interest on each share was to be twenty shillings annually, or, in other words, ten per cent., during sixteen years.  But ten per cent. for sixteen years was not a bait which was likely to attract lenders.  An additional lure was therefore held out to capitalists.  On one fortieth of the shares much higher interest was to be paid than on the other thirty-nine fortieths.  Which of the shares should be prizes was to be determined by lot.  The arrangements for the drawing of the tickets were made by an adventurer of the name of Neale, who, after squandering away two fortunes, had been glad to become groom porter at the palace.  His duties were to call the odds when the Court played at hazard, to provide cards and dice, and to decide any dispute which might arise on the bowling green or at the gaming table.  He was eminently skilled in the business of this not very exalted post, and had made such sums by raffles that he was able to engage in very costly speculations, and was then covering the ground round the Seven Dials with buildings.  He was probably the best adviser that could have been consulted about the details of a lottery.  Yet there were not wanting persons who thought it hardly decent in the Treasury to call in the aid of a gambler by profession.513

By the lottery loan, as it was called, one million was obtained.  But another million was wanted to bring the estimated revenue for the year 1694 up to a level with the estimated expenditure.  The ingenious and enterprising Montague had a plan ready, a plan to which, except under the pressure of extreme pecuniary difficulties, he might not easily have induced the Commons to assent, but which, to his large and vigorous mind, appeared to have advantages, both commercial and political, more important than the immediate relief to the finances.  He succeeded, not only in supplying the wants of the State for twelve months, but in creating a great institution, which, after the lapse of more than a century and a half, continues to flourish, and which he lived to see the stronghold, through all vicissitudes, of the Whig party, and the bulwark, in dangerous times, of the Protestant succession.