and the wine had again failed.  The people, as usual, railed at the government.  The government, with shameful ignorance or more shameful dishonesty, tried to direct the public indignation against the dealers in grain.  Decrees appeared which seemed to have been elaborately framed for the purpose of turning dearth into famine.  The nation was assured that there was no reason for uneasiness, that there was more than a sufficient supply of food, and that the scarcity had been produced by the villanous arts of misers, who locked up their stores in the hope of making enormous gains.  Commissioners were appointed to inspect the granaries, and were empowered to send to market all the corn that was not necessary for the consumption of the proprietors.  Such interference of course increased the suffering which it was meant to relieve.  But in the midst of the general distress there was an artificial plenty in one favoured spot.  The most arbitrary prince must always stand in some awe of an immense mass of human beings collected in the neighbourhood of his own palace.  Apprehensions similar to those which had induced the Caesars to extort from Africa and Egypt the means of pampering the rabble of Rome induced Lewis to aggravate the misery of twenty provinces for the purpose of keeping one huge city in good humour.  He ordered bread to be distributed in all the parishes of the capital at less than half the market price.  The English Jacobites were stupid enough to extol the wisdom and humanity of this arrangement.  The harvest, they said, had been good in England and bad in France; and yet the loaf was cheaper at Paris than in London; and the explanation was simple.  The French had a sovereign whose heart was French, and who watched over his people with the solicitude of a father, while the English were cursed with a Dutch tyrant, who sent their corn to Holland.  The truth was that a week of such fatherly government as that of Lewis would have raised all England in arms from Northumberland to Cornwall.  That there might be abundance at Paris, the people of Normandy and Anjou were stuffing themselves with nettles.  That there might be tranquillity at Paris, the peasantry were fighting with the bargemen and the troops all along the Loire and the Seine.  Multitudes fled from those rural districts where bread cost five sous a pound to the happy place where bread was to be had for two sous a pound.  It was necessary to drive the famished crowds back by force from the barriers, and to denounce the most terrible punishments against all who should not go home and starve quietly.468

Lewis was sensible that the strength of France had been overstrained by the exertions of the last campaign.  Even if her harvest and her vintage had been abundant, she would not have been able to do in 1694 what she had done in 1693; and it was utterly impossible that, in a season of extreme distress, she should again send into the field armies superior in number on every point to the armies of the coalition.  New conquests