The natural effect of this state of things was that a crowd of projectors, ingenious and absurd, honest and knavish, employed themselves in devising new schemes for the employment of redundant capital.  It was about the year 1688 that the word stockjobber was first heard in London.  In the short space of four years a crowd of companies, every one of which confidently held out to subscribers the hope of immense gains, sprang into existence; the Insurance Company, the Paper Company, the Lutestring Company, the Pearl Fishery Company, the Glass Bottle Company, the Alum Company, the Blythe Coal Company, the Swordblade Company.  There was a Tapestry Company which would soon furnish pretty hangings for all the parlours of the middle class and for all the bedchambers of the higher.  There was a Copper Company which proposed to explore the mines of England, and held out a hope that they would prove not less valuable than those of Potosi.  There was a Diving Company which undertook to bring up precious effects from shipwrecked vessels, and which announced that it had laid in a stock of wonderful machines resembling complete suits of armour.  In front of the helmet was a huge glass eye like that of a cyclop; and out of the crest went a pipe through which the air was to be admitted.  The whole process was exhibited on the Thames.  Fine gentlemen and fine ladies were invited to the show, were hospitably regaled, and were delighted by seeing the divers in their panoply descend into the river and return laden with old iron, and ship’s tackle.  There was a Greenland Fishing Company which could not fail to drive the Dutch whalers and herring busses out of the Northern Ocean.  There was a Tanning Company which promised to furnish leather superior to the best that was brought from Turkey or Russia.  There was a society which undertook the office of giving gentlemen a liberal education on low terms, and which assumed the sounding name of the Royal Academies Company.  In a pompous advertisement it was announced that the directors of the Royal Academies Company had engaged the best masters in every branch of knowledge, and were about to issue twenty thousand tickets at twenty shillings each.  There was to be a lottery; two thousand prizes were to be drawn; and the fortunate holders of the prizes were to be taught, at the charge of the Company, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, conic sections, trigonometry, heraldry, japanning, fortification, bookkeeping and the art of playing the theorbo.  Some of these companies took large mansions and printed their advertisements in gilded letters.  Others, less ostentatious, were content with ink, and met at coffeehouses in the neighbourhood of the Royal Exchange.  Jonathan’s and Garraway’s were in a constant ferment with brokers, buyers, sellers, meetings of directors, meetings of proprietors.  Time bargains soon came into fashion.  Extensive combinations were formed, and monstrous fables were circulated, for the purpose of raising or depressing