few of them probably had been guilty of any worse offence than rash and angry talk over their wine.  They were as yet only grumblers.  If they had fancied that they were marked men, they might in selfdefence have become traitors.  They became enthusiastically loyal as soon as they were assured that the Queen reposed entire confidence in their loyalty.  They eagerly signed an address in which they entreated her to believe that they would, with the utmost resolution and alacrity, venture their lives in defence of her rights, of English freedom and of the Protestant religion, against all foreign and Popish invaders.  “God,” they added, “preserve your person, direct your counsels, and prosper your arms; and let all your people say Amen."265

The sincerity of these professions was soon brought to the test.  A few hours after the meeting on board of the Britannia the masts of Tourville’s squadron were seen from the cliffs of Portland.  One messenger galloped with the news from Weymouth to London, and roused Whitehall at three in the morning.  Another took the coast road, and carried the intelligence to Russell.  All was ready; and on the morning of the seventeenth of May the allied fleet stood out to sea.266

Tourville had with him only his own squadron, consisting of forty-four ships of the line.  But he had received positive orders to protect the descent on England, and not to decline a battle.  Though these orders had been given before it was known at Versailles that the Dutch and English fleets had joined, he was not disposed to take on himself the responsibility of disobedience.  He still remembered with bitterness the reprimand which his extreme caution had drawn upon him after the fight of Beachy Head.  He would not again be told that he was a timid and unenterprising commander, that he had no courage but the vulgar courage of a common sailor.  He was also persuaded that the odds against him were rather apparent than real.  He believed, on the authority of James and Melfort, that the English seamen, from the flag officers down to the cabin boys, were Jacobites.  Those who fought would fight with half a heart; and there would probably be numerous desertions at the most critical moment.  Animated by such hopes he sailed from Brest, steered first towards the north east, came in sight of the coast of Dorsetshire, and then struck across the Channel towards La Hogue, where the army which he was to convoy to England had already begun to embark on board of the transports.  He was within a few leagues of Barfleur when, before daybreak, on the morning of the nineteenth of May, he saw the great armament of the allies stretching along the eastern horizon.  He determined to bear down on them.  By eight the two lines of battle were formed; but it was eleven before the firing began.  It soon became plain that the English, from the Admiral downward, were resolved to do their duty.  Russell had visited all his ships, and exhorted all his crews.  “If