into a belief that he had more friends than enemies on board of the vessels which guarded our coasts.  Yet he should have known that a rough sailor, who thought himself ill used by the Admiralty, might, after the third bottle, when drawn on by artful companions, express his regret for the good old times, curse the new government, and curse himself for being such a fool as to fight for that government, and yet might be by no means prepared to go over to the French on the day of battle.  Of the malecontent officers, who, as James believed, were impatient to desert, the great majority had probably given no pledge of their attachment to him except an idle word hiccoughed out when they were drunk, and forgotten when they were sober.  One those from whom he expected support, Rear Admiral Carter, had indeed heard and perfectly understood what the Jacobite agents had to say, had given them fair words, and had reported the whole to the Queen and her ministers.251

But the chief dependence of James was on Russell.  That false, arrogant and wayward politician was to command the Channel Fleet.  He had never ceased to assure the Jacobite emissaries that he was bent on effecting a Restoration.  Those emissaries fully reckoned, if not on his entire cooperation, yet at least on his connivance; and there could be no doubt that, with his connivance, a French fleet might easily convoy an army to our shores.  James flattered himself that, as soon as he had landed, he should be master of the island.  But in truth, when the voyage had ended, the difficulties of his enterprise would have been only beginning.  Two years before he had received a lesson by which he should have profited.  He had then deceived himself and others into the belief that the English were regretting him, were pining for him, were eager to rise in arms by tens of thousands to welcome him.  William was then, as now, at a distance.  Then, as now, the administration was entrusted to a woman.  Then, as now, there were few regular troops in England.  Torrington had then done as much to injure the government which he served as Russell could now do.  The French fleet had then, after riding, during several weeks, victorious and dominant in the Channel, landed some troops on the southern coast.  The immediate effect had been that whole counties, without distinction of Tory or Whig, Churchman or Dissenter, had risen up, as one man, to repel the foreigners, and that the Jacobite party, which had, a few days before, seemed to be half the nation, had crouched down in silent terror, and had made itself so small that it had, during some time, been invisible.  What reason was there for believing that the multitude who had, in 1690, at the first lighting of the beacons, snatched up firelocks, pikes, scythes, to defend, their native soil against the French, would now welcome the French as allies?  And of the army by which James was now to be accompanied the French formed the least odious part.  More than half of that army was to