[13].  Léonce de Lavergne, “Les Assemblées provinciales,” p.296.  Report of M. Schwendt on Alsace in 1787. — Warroquier, “Etat de la France en 1789,” I.541. — Necker, “De l’Administration des Finances,” I. 19, 102. — Turgot, (collection of economists), “Réponse aux observations du garde des sceaux sur la suppression des corvées,” I. 559.

[14].  This term embraces various taxes originating in feudal times, and rendered particularly burdensome to the peasantry through the management of the privileged classes. -Tr.

[15].  The arpent measures between one and one and a half acres. -Tr

[16].  De Tocqueville, “L’Ancien Régime et la Révolution,” p. 406.  “The inhabitants of Montbazon had subjected to taxation the stewards of the duchy which belonged to the Prince de Rohan.  This prince caused this abuse to be stopped and succeeded in recovering the sum of 5,344 livres which he had been made to pay unlawfully under this right”

[17].  Necker, “Administration des Finances:”  ordinary taxation (la taille) produced 91 millions; les vingtièmes 76,500,000; the capitation tax 41,500,000.

[18].  Raudot, “La France avant la Révolution,” p. 51. — De Bouillé, “Mémoires,” p. 44. — Necker, “De 1’Administration des Finances,” II, p. 181.  The above relates to what was called the clergy of France, (116 dioceses).  The clergy called foreign, consisted of that of the three bishoprics and of the regions conquered since Louis XIV; it had a separate régime and paid somewhat like the nobles. — The décimes which the clergy of France levied on its property amounted to a sum of 10,500,000 livres.

[19].  De Toqueville, ib. 104, 381, 407. — Necker, ib.  I. 102. — Boiteau, ib. 362. — De Bouillé, ib. 26, 41, and the following pages.  Turgot, ib. passim. — Cf. passim. — Cf.  Book V, ch. 2, on the taillage.

[20].  See “La France ecclésiastique, 1788,” for these details.

[21].  Official statements and manuscript reports of the States-General of 1789.  “Archives nationales,” vol.  LXXXVIII pp. 23, 85, 121, 122], 152.  Procès-verbal of January 12, 1789.

[22].  Necker, “De l’Administration des Finances,” V. II. pp. 271, 272.  “The house Orleans, he says, is in possession of the excises.”  He estimates this tax at 51,000,000 for the entire kingdom.

[23].  Beugnot, “Mémoires,” V. I. p. 77.  Observe the ceremonial system with the Duc de Penthièvre, chapters I., III.  The Duc d’Orléans organizes a chapter and bands of canonesses.  The post of chancellor to the Duc d’Orléans is worth 100,000 livres per annum, ("Gustave III. et la cour de France,” by Geffroy, I. 410.)

[24].  De Tocqueville, ibid. p.40. — Renauldon, advocate in the bailiwick of Issoudun, “Traité historique et pratique des droits seigneuriaux, 1765,” pp. 8, 10, 81 and passim. — Statement of grievance of a magistrate of the Chatelet on seigniorial judgments, 1789. — Duvergier, “Collection des Lois,” Decrees of the 15-28 March, 1790, on the abolition of the feudal régime, Merlin of Douai, reporter, I. 114 Decrees of 19-23 July, 1790, I. 293.  Decrees of the 13-20 April, 1791, (I. 295.)