To comprehend their actions we ought now to look into the condition of their minds, to know the current train of their ideas, their mode of thinking.  But is it really essential to draw this portrait, and are not the details of their mental condition we have just presented sufficient?  We shall obtain a knowledge of them later, and through their actions, when, in Touraine, they knock a mayor and his assistant, chosen by themselves, senseless with kicks from their wooden shoes, because, in obeying the national Assembly, these two unfortunate men prepared a table of taxes; or when at Troyes, they drag through the streets and tear to pieces the venerable magistrate who was nourishing them at that very moment, and who had just dictated his testament in their favor.-Take the still rude brain of a contemporary peasant and deprive it of the ideas which, for eighty years past, have entered it by so many channels, through the primary school of each village, through the return home of the conscript after seven years’ service, through the prodigious multiplication of books, newspapers, roads, railroads, foreign travel and every other species of communication.[1] Try to imagine the peasant of the eighteenth century, penned and shut up from father to son in his hamlet, without parish highways, deprived of news, with no instruction but the Sunday sermon, continuously worrying about his daily bread and the taxes, “with his wretched, dried-up aspect,"[2] not daring to repair his house, always persecuted, distrustful, his mind contracted and stinted, so to say, by misery.  His condition is almost that of his ox or his ass, while his ideas are those of his condition.  He has been a long time stolid; “he lacks even instinct,"[3] mechanically and fixedly regarding the ground on which he drags along his hereditary plow.  In 1751, d’Argenson wrote in his journal: 

“nothing in the news from the court affects them; the reign is indifferent to them. . . . . the distance between the capital and the province daily widens. . . .  Here they are ignorant of the striking occurrences that most impressed us at Paris. . . .The inhabitants of the country side are merely poverty-stricken slaves, draft cattle under a yoke, moving on as they are goaded, caring for nothing and embarrassed by nothing, provided they can eat and sleep at regular hours.”

They make no complaints, “they do not even dream of complaining;"[4] their wretchedness seems to them natural like winter or hail.  Their minds, like their agriculture, still belong to the middle ages.-In the environment of Toulouse,[5] to ascertain who committed a robbery, to cure a man or a sick animal, they resort to a sorcerer, who divines this by means of a sieve.  The countryman fully believes in ghosts and, on All Saints’ eve, he lays the cloth for the dead.- In Auvergne, at the outbreak the Revolution, on a contagious fever making its appearance, M. de Montlosier, declared to be a sorcerer, is the cause of it, and two hundred