of credulity and suspicion, in short, enthusiasm and panic, especially if he is French, that is to say, excitable and communicative, easily thrown off his balance and prompt to accept foreign impulsion, deprived of the natural ballast which a phlegmatic temperament and concentration of lonely meditations secure to his German and Latin neighbors; and all this we shall see at work. — These constitute some of the brute forces that control human life.  In ordinary times we pay no attention to them; being subordinated they do not seem to us formidable.  We take it for granted that they are allayed and pacified ; we flatter ourselves that the discipline imposed on them has made them natural, and that by dint of flowing between dikes they are settled down into their accustomed beds.  The truth is that, like all brute forces, like a stream or a torrent, they only remain in these under constraint; it is the dike which, through its resistance, produces this moderation.  Another force equal to their force had to be installed against their outbreaks and devastation, graduated according to their scale, all the firmer as they are more menacing, despotic if need be against their despotism, in any event constraining and repressive, at the outset a tribal chief, later an army general, all modes consisting in an elective or hereditary man-at-arms, possessing vigilant eyes and vigorous arms, and who, with blows, excites fear and, through fear, maintains order.  In the regulation and limitation of his blows divers instrumentalities are employed, a pre-established constitution, a division of powers, a code of laws, tribunals, and legal formalities.  At the bottom of all these wheels ever appears the principal lever, the efficacious instrument, namely, the policeman armed against the savage, brigand and madman each of us harbors, in repose or manacled, but always living, in the recesses of his own breast.[16]

On the contrary, in the new theory, every principle promulgated, every precaution taken, every suspicion awaked is aimed against the policeman.  In the name of the sovereignty of the people all authority is withdrawn from the government, every prerogative, every initiative, its continuance and its force.  The people, being sovereign the government is simply its clerk, and less than its clerk, merely its domestic. — Between them “no contract” indefinite or at least enduring, “and which may be canceled only by mutual consent or the unfaithfulness of one of the two parties.  It is against the nature of a political body for the sovereign to impose a law on himself which he cannot set aside.” — There is no sacred and inviolable charter “binding a people to the forms of an established constitution.  The right to change these is the first guarantee of all rights.  There is not, and never can be, any fundamental, obligatory law for the entire body of a people, not even the social contract.” — It is through usurpation and deception that a prince, an assembly, and a body of magistrates declare