The Emperor Henry comes into Italy—­The Florentines take the part of the pope—­The Visconti originate the duchy of Milan—­Artifice of Maffeo Visconti against the family of de la Torre—­Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti, first duke of Milan—­The Emperor Louis in Italy—­John, king of Bohemia, in Italy—­League against the king of Bohemia and the pope’s legate—­Origin of Venice—­Liberty of the Venetians confirmed by Pepin and the Greek emperor—­Greatness of Venice—­Decline of Venice—­Discord between the pope and the emperor—­Giovanna, queen of Naples—­Rienzi—­The jubilee reduced to fifty years—­Succession of the duke of Milan—­Cardinal Egidio the pope’s legate—­War between the Genoese and the Venetians.

At this time, Charles II. of Naples died, and was succeeded by his son Robert.  Henry of Luxemburg had been elected to the empire, and came to Rome for his coronation, although the pope was not there.  His coming occasioned great excitement in Lombardy; for he sent all the banished to their homes, whether they were Guelphs or Ghibellines; and in consequence of this, one faction endeavoring to drive out the other, the whole province was filled with war; nor could the emperor with all his endeavors abate its fury.  Leaving Lombardy by way of Genoa, he came to Pisa, where he endeavored to take Tuscany from King Robert; but not being successful, he went to Rome, where he remained only a few days, being driven away by the Orsini with the consent of King Robert, and returned to Pisa; and that he might more securely make war upon Tuscany, and wrest the country from the hands of the king, he caused it to be assailed by Frederick, monarch of Sicily.  But when he was in hope of occupying Tuscany and robbing the king of Naples of his dominions, he died, and was succeeded by Louis of Bavaria.  About the same period, John XXII. attained the papacy, during whose time the emperor still continued to persecute the Guelphs and the church, but they were defended by Robert and the Florentines.  Many wars took place in Lombardy between the Visconti and the Guelphs, and in Tuscany between Castruccio of Lucca and the Florentines.  As the family of Visconti gave rise to the duchy of Milan, one of the five principalities which afterward governed Italy, I shall speak of them from a rather earlier date.

Milan, upon recovering from the ruin into which she had been thrown by Frederick Barbarossa, in revenge for her injuries, joined the league formed by the Lombard cities for their common defense; this restrained him, and for awhile preserved alive the interests of the church in Lombardy.  In the course of the wars which followed, the family of La Torre became very potent in that city, and their reputation increased so long as the emperor possessed little authority in the province.  But Frederick II. coming into Italy, and the Ghibelline party, by the influence of Ezelin having grown powerful, seeds of the same faction sprang up in all the cities.  In Milan were the Visconti,