have been impossible even for him long to persecute both persuasions.  Even under his reign there had been insurrections on the part of the Catholics, and signs of a spirit which was likely soon to produce insurrection on the part of the Protestants.  It was plainly necessary, therefore, that the Crown should form an alliance with one or with the other side.  To recognise the Papal supremacy, would have been to abandon the whole design.  Reluctantly and sullenly the government at last joined the Protestants.  In forming this junction, its object was to procure as much aid as possible for its selfish undertaking, and to make the smallest possible concessions to the spirit of religious innovation.

From this compromise the Church of England sprang.  In many respects, indeed, it has been well for her that, in an age of exuberant zeal, her principal founders were mere politicians.  To this circumstance she owes her moderate articles, her decent ceremonies, her noble and pathetic liturgy.  Her worship is not disfigured by mummery.  Yet she has preserved, in a far greater degree than any of her Protestant sisters, that art of striking the senses and filling the imagination in which the Catholic Church so eminently excels.  But, on the other hand, she continued to be, for more than a hundred and fifty years, the servile handmaid of monarchy, the steady enemy of public liberty.  The divine right of kings, and the duty of passively obeying all their commands, were her favourite tenets.  She held those tenets firmly through times of oppression, persecution, and licentiousness; while law was trampled down; while judgment was perverted; while the people were eaten as though they were bread.  Once, and but once, for a moment, and but for a moment, when her own dignity and property were touched, she forgot to practise the submission which she had taught.

Elizabeth clearly discerned the advantages which were to be derived from a close connection between the monarchy and the priesthood.  At the time of her accession, indeed, she evidently meditated a partial reconciliation with Rome; and, throughout her whole life, she leaned strongly to some of the most obnoxious parts of the Catholic system.  But her imperious temper, her keen sagacity, and her peculiar situation, soon led her to attach herself completely to a church which was all her own.  On the same principle on which she joined it, she attempted to drive all her people within its pale by persecution.  She supported it by severe penal laws, not because she thought conformity to its discipline necessary to salvation; but because it was the fastness which arbitrary power was making strong for itself, because she expected a more profound obedience from those who saw in her both their civil and their ecclesiastical chief than from those who, like the Papists, ascribed spiritual authority to the Pope, or from those who, like some of the Puritans, ascribed it only to Heaven.  To dissent from her establishment was to dissent from an institution founded with an express view to the maintenance and extension of the royal prerogative.