want of care in the arrangement of the blocks, joints in one course being occasionally directly over joints in the course below it.  The stones are without any bevel or ornamentation of any kind.  They have been quarried in the island itself, and the beds of rock from which they were taken may be seen at no great distance.  At one point in the western side of the island, the native rock itself has been cut into the shape of the wall, and made to take the place of the squared stones for the distance of about ten feet.[442] A moat has also been cut along the entire western side, which, with its glacis, served apparently to protect the wall from the fury of the waves.[443]

We know nothing of the internal arrangements of the ancient town beyond the fact of the closeness and loftiness of the houses.  Externally Aradus depended on her possessions upon the mainland both for water and for food.  The barren rock could grow nothing, and was moreover covered with houses.  Such rainwater as fell on the island was carefully collected and stored in tanks and reservoirs,[444] the remains of which are still to be seen.  But the ordinary supply of water for daily consumption was derived in time of peace from the opposite coast.  When this supply was cut off by an enemy Aradus had still one further resource.  Midway in the channel between the island and the continent there burst out at the bottom of the sea a fresh-water spring of great strength; by confining this spring within a hemisphere of lead to which a leathern pipe was attached the much-needed fluid was raised to the surface and received into a vessel moored upon the spot, whence supplies were carried to the island.[445] The phenomenon still continues, though the modern inhabitants are too ignorant and unskilful to profit by it.[446]

On the mainland Aradus possessed a considerable tract, and had a number of cities subject to her.  Of these Strabo enumerates six, viz.  Paltos, Balanea, Carnus—­which he calls the naval station of Aradus—­Enydra, Marathus, and Simyra.[447] Marathus was the most important of these.  Its name recalls the “Brathu” of Philo-Byblius[448] and the “Martu” of the early Babylonian inscriptions,[449] which was used as a general term by some of the primitive monarchs almost in the sense of “Syria.”  The word is still preserved in the modern “M’rith” or “Amrith,” a name attached to some extensive ruins in the plain south-east of Aradus, which have been carefully examined by M. Renan.[450] Marathus was an ancient Phoenician town, probably one of the most ancient, and was always looked upon with some jealousy by the Aradians, who ultimately destroyed it and partitioned out the territory among their own citizens.[451] The same fate befell Simyra,[452] a place of equal antiquity, the home probably of those Zemarites who are coupled with the Arvadites in Genesis.[453] Simyra appears as “Zimirra” in the Assyrian inscriptions, where it is connected with Arka,[454] which was not far distant.  Its