The width varied from eight or ten miles to thirty.  We must regard as the eastern boundary of Phoenicia the high ridge which forms the watershed between the streams that flow eastward toward the Orontes, Litany, and Jordan, and those that flow westward into the Mediterranean.  It is difficult to say what was the average width, but perhaps it may be fairly estimated at about fifteen miles.  In this case the entire area would have been about 4,500 square miles.

The tract was one of a remarkably diversified character.  Lofty mountain, steep wooded hill, chalky slope, rich alluvial plain, and sandy shore succeeded each other, each having its own charm, which was enhanced by contrast.  The sand is confined to a comparatively narrow strip along the seashore,[14] and to the sites of ancient harbours now filled up.  It is exceedingly fine and of excellent silicious quality, especially in the vicinity of Sidon and at the foot of Mount Carmel.  The most remarkable plains are those of Sharon, Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Beyrout, and Marathus.  Sharon, so dear to the Hebrew poets,[15] is the maritime tract intervening between the highland of Samaria and the Mediterranean, extending from Joppa to the southern foot of Carmel—­a distance of nearly sixty miles—­and watered by the Chorseas, the Kaneh, and other rivers.  It is a smooth, very slightly undulating tract, about ten miles in width from the sea to the foot of the mountains, which rise up abruptly from it without any intervening region of hills, and seem to bound it as a wall, above which tower the huge rounded masses of Ebal and Gerizim, with the wooded cone, on which stood Samaria, nestling at their feet.[16] The sluggish streams, several of them containing water during the whole of the year, make their way across it between reedy banks,[17] and generally spread out before reaching the shore into wide marshes, which might be easily utilised for purposes of irrigation.  The soil is extremely rich, varying from bright red to deep black, and producing enormous crops of weeds or grain, according as it is cultivated or left in a state of nature.  Towards the south the view over the region has been thus described:  “From Ramleh there is a wide view on every side, presenting a prospect rarely surpassed in richness and beauty.  I could liken it to nothing but the great plain of the Rhine by Heidelberg or, better still, to the vast plains of Lombardy, as seen from the cathedral of Milan and elsewhere.  In the east the frowning mountains of Judah rose abruptly from the tract at their foot; while on the west, in fine contrast, the glittering waves of the Mediterranean Sea associated our thoughts with Europe.  Towards the north and south, as far as the eye could reach, the beautiful plain was spread out like a carpet at our feet, variegated with tracts of brown from which the crops had just been taken, and with fields still rich with the yellow of the ripe corn, or green with the springing millet.  Immediately below us the eye rested on the immense