[Footnote 132:  Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, p. 395.]

[Footnote 133:  Tristram, The Land of Israel, p. 634.]

[Footnote 134:  Ibid. p. 7.]

[Footnote 135:  Porter, in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 86.]

[Footnote 136:  Ibid.  Compare Nat.  Hist.  Review, No. v. p. 11.]

[Footnote 137:  See Tristram, Land of Israel, pp. 625-629.]

[Footnote 138:  See Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 626.]

[Footnote 139:  Porter, in Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 86.]

[Footnote 140:  Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 621.]

[Footnote 141:  Ibid. p. 600.  Compare Porter, in Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, ii. 87.]

[Footnote 142:  Such outlets are common in Greece, where they are called Katavothra.  They probably also occur in Asia Minor.]

[Footnote 143:  Burckhardt, Travels in Syria, p. 10; Chesney, Euphrates Expedition, i. 398.]

[Footnote 144:  Tristram, p. 600.]

[Footnote 145:  Porter, Handbook for Syria, p. 571; Robinson, Later Researches, p. 423.]

[Footnote 146:  Tristram, p. 594.]

[Footnote 147:  Robinson, Biblical Researches, iii. 409.]

[Footnote 148:  Burckhardt, Travels in Syria, p. 161; Chesney, Euphrates Expedition, i. 450; Walpole’s Ansayrii, iii. 49.]

[Footnote 149:  Renan, Mission de Phenicie, p. 116.]

[Footnote 150:  Porter, Giant Cities of Bashan, p. 289.]

[Footnote 151:  Ibid. p. 288.]

[Footnote 152:  Walpole’s Ansayrii, iii. 44.]

[Footnote 153:  Porter, Giant Cities, p. 292; Robinson, Later Researches, p. 605; Renan, Mission de Phenicie, p. 297.]

[Footnote 154:  Maundrell, Travels, pp. 57, 58; Porter, Giant Cities, p. 284; Renan, Mission de Phenicie, p. 283.]

[Footnote 155:  Porter, p. 283.]

[Footnote 156:  Porter, p. 284.]

[Footnote 157:  Robinson, Later Researches, p. 45.]

[Footnote 158:  Ibid. p. 43.]

[Footnote 159:  Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 44.]

[Footnote 160:  Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 20.]

[Footnote 161:  See the Transactions of the Society of Bibl.  Archaeology, vol. vii.; and compare Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 14; Robinson, Later Researches, pp. 617-624.]

[Footnote 162:  Walpole’s Ansayrii, iii. 6.]

[Footnote 163:  Ibid. p. 34.  Compare Renan, Mission de Phenicie, who calls the pass over the spur “un veritable casse-cou sur des roches inclinees” (p. 150).]

[Footnote 164:  Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 16.]

[Footnote 165:  Robinson, Biblical Researches, iii. 432.]

II—­CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS