“Not altogether.  What I have heard has been at third or fourth hand.”

“I may state the system, then, in general terms, as one in which the patients were menages-humored.  We contradicted no fancies which entered the brains of the mad.  On the contrary, we not only indulged but encouraged them; and many of our most permanent cures have been thus effected.  There is no argument which so touches the feeble reason of the madman as the argumentum ad absurdum.  We have had men, for example, who fancied themselves chickens.  The cure was, to insist upon the thing as a fact —­ to accuse the patient of stupidity in not sufficiently perceiving it to be a fact —­ and thus to refuse him any other diet for a week than that which properly appertains to a chicken.  In this manner a little corn and gravel were made to perform wonders.”

“But was this species of acquiescence all?”

“By no means.  We put much faith in amusements of a simple kind, such as music, dancing, gymnastic exercises generally, cards, certain classes of books, and so forth.  We affected to treat each individual as if for some ordinary physical disorder, and the word ‘lunacy’ was never employed.  A great point was to set each lunatic to guard the actions of all the others.  To repose confidence in the understanding or discretion of a madman, is to gain him body and soul.  In this way we were enabled to dispense with an expensive body of keepers.”

“And you had no punishments of any kind?”

“None.”

“And you never confined your patients?”

“Very rarely.  Now and then, the malady of some individual growing to a crisis, or taking a sudden turn of fury, we conveyed him to a secret cell, lest his disorder should infect the rest, and there kept him until we could dismiss him to his friends —­ for with the raging maniac we have nothing to do.  He is usually removed to the public hospitals.”

“And you have now changed all this —­ and you think for the better?”

“Decidedly.  The system had its disadvantages, and even its dangers.  It is now, happily, exploded throughout all the Maisons de Sante of France.”

“I am very much surprised,” I said, “at what you tell me; for I made sure that, at this moment, no other method of treatment for mania existed in any portion of the country.”

“You are young yet, my friend,” replied my host, “but the time will arrive when you will learn to judge for yourself of what is going on in the world, without trusting to the gossip of others.  Believe nothing you hear, and only one-half that you see.  Now about our Maisons de Sante, it is clear that some ignoramus has misled you.  After dinner, however, when you have sufficiently recovered from the fatigue of your ride, I will be happy to take you over the house, and introduce to you a system which, in my opinion, and in that of every one who has witnessed its operation, is incomparably the most effectual as yet devised.”