In a country where money is only obtainable at such an exorbitant rate of interest as in China, it is but natural that some attempt should be made to obviate the necessity of appealing to a professional money-lender.  Three per cent. per month is the maximum rate permitted by Chinese law, which cannot be regarded as excessive if the full risk of the lender is taken into consideration.  He has the security of one or more “middlemen,” generally shopkeepers whose solvency is unimpeachable; but these gentlemen may, and often do, repudiate their liability without deigning to explain either why or wherefore.  His course is then not so plain as it ought to be under a system of government which has had some two thousand years to mature.  Creditors as well as debtors shun the painted portals of the magistrate’s yamen[*] as they would the gates of hell.  Above them is traced the same desperate legend that frightened the soul of Dante when he stood before the entrance to the infernal regions.  Truly there is no hope for those who enter here.  Both sides are squeezed by the gate-keeper —­a very lucrative post in all yamens—­before they are allowed to present their petitions.  It then becomes necessary for plaintiff and defendant alike to go through the process of (in Peking slang) “making a slit,” i.e., making a present of money to the magistrate and his subordinates proportionate to the interests involved.  In many yamens there is a regular scale of charges, answering to our Table of Fees, but this is almost always exceeded in practice.  The case is then heard:  occasionally, on its merits.  We say occasionally, because nine times out of ten one of the parties bids privately for the benefit of his honour’s good opinions.  Sometimes both suitors do this, and then judgment is knocked down to the highest bidder.  The loser departs incontinently cursing the law and its myrmidons to the very top of his bent, and perhaps meditating an appeal to a higher court, from which he is only deterred by prospects of further expense and repeated failure.  As to the successful litigant, he would go on his way rejoicing, but that he has a duty to perform before which he is not a free man.  The “slit” he made on entering the yamen needs to be repaired, and on him devolves the necessity of “sewing it up.”  The case is then at an end, and the prophecy fulfilled, which says:—­

  “The yamen doors are open wide
  To those with money on their side.”

    [*] Official and private residence, all in one.

Wiser and more determined creditors take the law into their own hands.  With a tea-pot, a pipe, and a mattress, they proceed to the shop of the recalcitrant debtor or security as circumstances may dictate, and there take up their abode until the amount is paid.  If inability to meet the debt has been pleaded, then this self-made bailiff will insist on taking so much per cent. out of the daily receipts; if it is a mere case of obstinacy, a desire to shirk a just responsibility,