in Davids’ “Buddhism.”  He quotes the words of Sir Emerson Tennent, that it is “the oldest historical tree in the world;” but this must be denied if it be true, as Eitel says, that the tree at Buddha Gaya, from which the slip that grew to be this tree was taken more than 2000 years ago, is itself still living in its place.  We must conclude that Fa-hien, when in Ceylon, heard neither of Mahinda nor Sanghamitta.

   (7) Compare what is said in chap. xvi, about the inquiries made
   at monasteries as to the standing of visitors in the monkhood, and
   duration of their ministry.

(8) The phonetic values of the two Chinese characters here are in Sanskrit sa; and va, bo or bha.  “Sabaean” is Mr. Beal’s reading of them, probably correct.  I suppose the merchants were Arabs, forerunners of the so-called Moormen, who still form so important a part of the mercantile community in Ceylon.

(9) A Kalpa, we have seen, denotes a great period of time; a period during which a physical universe is formed and destroyed.  Asankhyeya denotes the highest sum for which a conventional term exists;—­according to Chinese calculations equal to one followed by seventeen ciphers; according to Thibetan and Singhalese, equal to one followed by ninety-seven ciphers.  Every Maha-kalpa consists of four Asankhyeya-kalpas.  Eitel, p. 15.

   (10) See chapter ix.

   (11) See chapter xi.

   (12) He had been born in the Sakya house, to do for the world what the
   character of all his past births required, and he had done it.

   (13) They could no more see him, the World-honoured one.  Compare the
   Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi, Buddhist Suttas, pp. 89, 121, and
   note on p. 89.

(14) Sudana or Sudatta was the name of the Bodhisattva in the birth which preceded his appearance as Sakyamuni or Gotama, when he became the Supreme Buddha.  This period is known as the Vessantara Jataka, of which Hardy, M. B., pp. 116-124, gives a long account; see also “Buddhist Birth Stories,” the Nidana Katha, p. 158.  In it, as Sudana, he fulfilled “the Perfections,” his distinguishing attribute being entire self-renunciation and alms-giving, so that in the Nidana Katha is made to say ("Buddhist Birth Stories,” p. 159):—­

   “This earth, unconscious though she be, and ignorant of joy or grief,
   Even she by my free-giving’s mighty power was shaken seven times.”

   Then, when he passed away, he appeared in the Tushita heaven, to enter
   in due time the womb of Maha-maya, and be born as Sakyamuni.