(2) Then the principal emporium for the trade with Ceylon and China;
   the modern Tam-look, lat. 22d 17s N., lon. 88d 2s E.; near the mouth
   of the Hoogly.

   (3) Perhaps Ching {.} is used here for any portions of the Tripitaka
   which he had obtained.

(4) “The Kingdom of the Lion,” Ceylon.  Singhala was the name of a merchant adventurer from India, to whom the founding of the kingdom was ascribed.  His father was named Singha, “the Lion,” which became the name of the country;—­Singhala, or Singha-Kingdom, “the Country of the Lion.”

   (5) Called the mani pearl or bead.  Mani is explained as meaning “free
   from stain,” “bright and growing purer.”  It is a symbol of Buddha and
   of his Law.  The most valuable rosaries are made of manis.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

AT CEYLON.  RISE OF THE KINGDOM.  FEATS OF BUDDHA.  TOPES AND MONASTERIES.  STATUE OF BUDDHA IN JADE.  BO TREE.  FESTIVAL OF BUDDHA’S TOOTH.

The country originally had no human inhabitants,(1) but was occupied only by spirits and nagas, with which merchants of various countries carried on a trade.  When the trafficking was taking place, the spirits did not show themselves.  They simply set forth their precious commodities, with labels of the price attached to them; while the merchants made their purchases according to the price; and took the things away.

Through the coming and going of the merchants (in this way), when they went away, the people of (their) various countries heard how pleasant the land was, and flocked to it in numbers till it became a great nation.  The (climate) is temperate and attractive, without any difference of summer and winter.  The vegetation is always luxuriant.  Cultivation proceeds whenever men think fit:  there are no fixed seasons for it.

When Buddha came to this country,(2) wishing to transform the wicked nagas, by his supernatural power he planted one foot at the north of the royal city, and the other on the top of a mountain,(3) the two being fifteen yojanas apart.  Over the footprint at the north of the city the king built a large tope, 400 cubits high, grandly adorned with gold and silver, and finished with a combination of all the precious substances.  By the side of the top he further built a monastery, called the Abhayagiri,(4) where there are (now) five thousand monks.  There is in it a hall of Buddha, adorned with carved and inlaid works of gold and silver, and rich in the seven precious substances, in which there is an image (of Buddha) in green jade, more than twenty cubits in height, glittering all over with those substances, and having an appearance of solemn dignity which words cannot express.  In the palm of the right hand there is a priceless pearl.  Several years had now elapsed since Fa-hien left the land of Han; the men with whom he had been in intercourse had all been of regions strange to him; his eyes had