(4) The Buddhist tripitaka or canon consists of three collections, containing, according to Eitel (p. 150), “doctrinal aphorisms (or statements, purporting to be from Buddha himself); works on discipline; and works on metaphysics:”—­called sutra, vinaya, and abhidharma; in Chinese, king {.}, leuh {.}, and lun {.}, or texts, laws or rules, and discussions.  Dr. Rhys Davids objects to the designation of “metaphysics” as used of the abhidharma works, saying that “they bear much more the relation to ‘dharma’ which ‘by-law’ bears to ‘law’ than that which ‘metaphysics’ bears to ‘physics’” (Hibbert Lectures, p. 49).  However this be, it was about the vinaya works that Fa-hien was chiefly concerned.  He wanted a good code of the rules for the government of “the Order” in all its internal and external relations.

   (5) Lung embraced the western part of Shen-se and the eastern part
   of Kan-suh.  The name remains in Lung Chow, in the extreme west of
   Shen-se.

(6) K’een-kwei was the second king of “the Western Ts’in.”  His family was of northern or barbarous origin, from the tribe of the Seen-pe, with the surname of K’eih-fuh.  The first king was Kwo-kin, and received his appointment from the sovereign of the chief Ts’in kingdom in 385.  He was succeeded in 388 by his brother, the K’een-kwei of the text, who was very prosperous in 398, and took the title of king of Ts’in.  Fa-hien would find him at his capital, somewhere in the present department of Lan-chow, Kan-suh.

(7) Under varshas or vashavasana (Pali, vassa; Spence Hardy, vass), Eitel (p. 163) says:—­“One of the most ancient institutions of Buddhist discipline, requiring all ecclesiastics to spend the rainy season in a monastery in devotional exercises.  Chinese Buddhists naturally substituted the hot season for the rainy (from the 16th day of the 5th to the 15th of the 9th Chinese month).”

(8) During the troubled period of the Tsin dynasty, there were five (usurping) Leang sovereignties in the western part of the empire ({.} {.}).  The name Leang remains in the department of Leang-chow in the northern part of Kan-suh.  The “southern Leang” arose in 397 under a Tuh-fah Wu-ku, who was succeeded in 399 by a brother, Le-luh-koo; and he again by his brother, the Now-t’an of the text, in 402, who was not yet king therefore when Fa-hien and his friends reached his capital.  How he is represented as being so may be accounted for in various ways, of which it is not necessary to write.

(9) Chang-yih is still the name of a district in Kan-chow department, Kan-suh.  It is a long way north and west from Lan-chow, and not far from the Great Wall.  Its king at this time was, probably, Twan-yeh of “the northern Leang.”

(10) Dana is the name for religious charity, the first of the six paramitas, or means of attaining to nirvana; and a danapati is “one who practises