have caused any Soviet to arrest us and send us to the “Cheka” in Minnusinsk, where we should have sung our last song.  Secondly, in his documents my fellow traveler was granted permission to use the government post relays for forwarding him on his journey.  Therefore, we were forced to visit the village Soviets and change our horses.  Our own mounts we had given to the Tartar and Cossack who helped us at the mouth of the Tuba, and the Cossack brought us in his wagon to the first village, where we received the post horses.  All except a small minority of the peasants were against the Bolsheviki and voluntarily assisted us.  I paid them for their help by treating their sick and my fellow traveler gave them practical advice in the management of their agriculture.  Those who helped us chiefly were the old dissenters and the Cossacks.

Sometimes we came across villages entirely Communistic but very soon we learned to distinguish them.  When we entered a village with our horse bells tinkling and found the peasants who happened to be sitting in front of their houses ready to get up with a frown and a grumble that here were more new devils coming, we knew that this was a village opposed to the Communists and that here we could stop in safety.  But, if the peasants approached and greeted us with pleasure, calling us “Comrades,” we knew at once that we were among the enemy and took great precautions.  Such villages were inhabited by people who were not the Siberian liberty-loving peasants but by emigrants from the Ukraine, idle and drunk, living in poor dirty huts, though their village were surrounded with the black and fertile soil of the steppes.  Very dangerous and pleasant moments we spent in the large village of Karatuz.  It is rather a town.  In the year 1912 two colleges were opened here and the population reached 15,000 people.  It is the capital of the South Yenisei Cossacks.  But by now it is very difficult to recognize this town.  The peasant emigrants and Red army murdered all the Cossack population and destroyed and burned most of the houses; and it is at present the center of Bolshevism and Communism in the eastern part of the Minnusinsk district.  In the building of the Soviet, where we came to exchange our horses, there was being held a meeting of the “Cheka.”  We were immediately surrounded and questioned about our documents.  We were not any too calm about the impression which might be made by our papers and attempted to avoid this examination.  My fellow traveler afterwards often said to me: 

“It is great good fortune that among the Bolsheviki the good-for-nothing shoemaker of yesterday is the Governor of today and scientists sweep the streets or clean the stables of the Red cavalry.  I can talk with the Bolsheviki because they do not know the difference between ‘disinfection’ and ‘diphtheria,’ ‘anthracite’ and ‘appendicitis’ and can talk them round in all things, even up to persuading them not to put a bullet into me.”