In the Islands, as in most other places, the inhabitants are of different rank, and one does not encroach here upon another.  Where there is no commerce nor manufacture, he that is born poor can scarcely become rich; and if none are able to buy estates, he that is born to land cannot annihilate his family by selling it.  This was once the state of these countries.  Perhaps there is no example, till within a century and half, of any family whose estate was alienated otherwise than by violence or forfeiture.  Since money has been brought amongst them, they have found, like others, the art of spending more than they receive; and I saw with grief the chief of a very ancient clan, whose Island was condemned by law to be sold for the satisfaction of his creditors.

The name of highest dignity is Laird, of which there are in the extensive Isle of Sky only three, Macdonald, Macleod, and Mackinnon.  The Laird is the original owner of the land, whose natural power must be very great, where no man lives but by agriculture; and where the produce of the land is not conveyed through the labyrinths of traffick, but passes directly from the hand that gathers it to the mouth that eats it.  The Laird has all those in his power that live upon his farms.  Kings can, for the most part, only exalt or degrade.  The Laird at pleasure can feed or starve, can give bread, or withold it.  This inherent power was yet strengthened by the kindness of consanguinity, and the reverence of patriarchal authority.  The Laird was the father of the Clan, and his tenants commonly bore his name.  And to these principles of original command was added, for many ages, an exclusive right of legal jurisdiction.

This multifarious, and extensive obligation operated with force scarcely credible.  Every duty, moral or political, was absorbed in affection and adherence to the Chief.  Not many years have passed since the clans knew no law but the Laird’s will.  He told them to whom they should be friends or enemies, what King they should obey, and what religion they should profess.

When the Scots first rose in arms against the succession of the house of Hanover, Lovat, the Chief of the Frasers, was in exile for a rape.  The Frasers were very numerous, and very zealous against the government.  A pardon was sent to Lovat.  He came to the English camp, and the clan immediately deserted to him.

Next in dignity to the Laird is the Tacksman; a large taker or lease-holder of land, of which he keeps part, as a domain, in his own hand, and lets part to under tenants.  The Tacksman is necessarily a man capable of securing to the Laird the whole rent, and is commonly a collateral relation.  These tacks, or subordinate possessions, were long considered as hereditary, and the occupant was distinguished by the name of the place at which he resided.  He held a middle station, by which the highest and the lowest orders were connected.  He paid rent and reverence to the Laird, and received