This slow and awful self-hypnotism of error is a process that can occur not only with individuals, but also with whole societies.  It is hard to pick out and prove; that is why it is hard to cure.  But this mental degeneration may be brought to one test, which I truly believe to be a real test.  A nation is not going mad when it does extravagant things, so long as it does them in an extravagant spirit.  Crusaders not cutting their beards till they found Jerusalem, Jacobins calling each other Harmodius and Epaminondas when their names were Jacques and Jules, these are wild things, but they were done in wild spirits at a wild moment.

But whenever we see things done wildly, but taken tamely, then the State is growing insane.  For instance, I have a gun license.  For all I know, this would logically allow me to fire off fifty-nine enormous field-guns day and night in my back garden.  I should not be surprised at a man doing it; for it would be great fun.  But I should be surprised at the neighbours putting up with it, and regarding it as an ordinary thing merely because it might happen to fulfill the letter of my license.

Or, again, I have a dog license; and I may have the right (for all I know) to turn ten thousand wild dogs loose in Buckinghamshire.  I should not be surprised if the law were like that; because in modern England there is practically no law to be surprised at.  I should not be surprised even at the man who did it; for a certain kind of man, if he lived long under the English landlord system, might do anything.  But I should be surprised at the people who consented to stand it.  I should, in other words, think the world a little mad if the incident, were received in silence.

Now things every bit as wild as this are being received in silence every day.  All strokes slip on the smoothness of a polished wall.  All blows fall soundless on the softness of a padded cell.  For madness is a passive as well as an active state:  it is a paralysis, a refusal of the nerves to respond to the normal stimuli, as well as an unnatural stimulation.  There are commonwealths, plainly to be distinguished here and there in history, which pass from prosperity to squalor, or from glory to insignificance, or from freedom to slavery, not only in silence, but with serenity.  The face still smiles while the limbs, literally and loathsomely, are dropping from the body.  These are peoples that have lost the power of astonishment at their own actions.  When they give birth to a fantastic fashion or a foolish law, they do not start or stare at the monster they have brought forth.  They have grown used to their own unreason; chaos is their cosmos; and the whirlwind is the breath of their nostrils.  These nations are really in danger of going off their heads en masse; of becoming one vast vision of imbecility, with toppling cities and crazy country-sides, all dotted with industrious lunatics.  One of these countries is modern England.